Purified novel and new diferuloyl glycerate related phenolic acid from Pandanus odoratissimus flowers shows antioxidant, invertase inhibition and control against diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) causing bacterial pathogens - An in vitro study to establish an effective regulation over type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated diseases are major concern among human population and also responsible for significant mortality rate. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate and correlate the invertase inhibition, antioxidant activity and control against DFU causing bacterial pathogens by Pandanus odoratissimus flowers. Two dimensional preparative thin layer chromatography (2D PTLC) was adopted to purify the phenolic acid component and LC-MS2 was done to predict the phenolic acid structures. Standard spectrophotometry methods were adopted to investigate the in vitro invertase inhibitory and antioxidant (CUPRAC and ABTS) activities. Agar well diffusion and broth dilution assays were used to record the antibacterial property against DFU causing pathogens isolated from clinical samples. Statistical analyses were used to validate the experiments. A new and novel diferuloyl glycerate related phenolic acid (m/z 442) purified from PTLC eluate has recorded satisfactory cupric ion reducing power (ED50= 441.4±2.5 µg), moderate ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50= 450.3±10 µg; 32.5±1.5%), and a near moderate, in vitro, invertase mixed type inhibition (24.5±4.5%; Ki: 400 µg). Similarly, bacterial growth inhibitory kinetics has showed a significant inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus.

High and ultra low concentrations of Mercuric chloride initiate their specific action on binding sites of invertase and modify its interaction with sucrose

Background: Mercuric chloride is known to inhibit the activity of enzymes. It is used in homeopathy at ultra low concentration (ULC) and is known as Mercurius corrosivus (Merc cor). ULCs of Merc cor are reported to promote enzyme activity. Objective: To see whether the mother tincture (θ) of Merc cor and its ULCs interact with an enzyme invertase at its binding sites and influence enzyme's action on its substrate sucrose. Methods: Merc cor θ (0.15 M HgCl2) was diluted with deionized and distilled (DD) water 1:100 and succussed 10 times to prepare Merc cor 1 cH or 1st potency. This potency was further diluted and succussed in 200 and 1000 steps to prepare 200cH and 1000cH potencies, respectively. Merc cor 200 cH and 1000cH were prepared in 90% ethanol. The two potencies and blank 90% EtOH were diluted with DD water 1:1000 to minimize ethanol content to a negligible amount 0.09%. The control was DD water (0.99g/M). The drugs, EtOH and water control were mixed separately with 0.037 mM invertase in DD water. Using an isothermal calorimetry (ITC) instrument the substrate sucrose (65mM) was injected at 2 µl every 2 min into 300 µl invertase solution 20 times at 25 0C. Molecular modeling study was done to predict possible binding sites and nature of binding between the enzyme and HgCl2, and between the enzyme and water. Potencies after dilution are virtually water. Fluorescence spectra of invertase (4µM) mixed with drug/control solutions were also obtained to see the effect of drugs on protein folding. Results: Thermodynamic parameters like binding constant (K), change in enthalpy(ΔH), entropy(ΔS) and Gibbs free energy(ΔG) showed marked variation in treatment effects on the enzyme. Molecular modeling study also shows variation in binding between invertase and HgCl2, and between invertase and water. Fluorescence spectra show variation in quenching related to different treatments. Conclusion: Merc cor mother tincture and its potencies interact at different binding sites of invertase and modify the enzyme's action on sucrose. So, potencies act as modulators of ligand, sucrose. Drug solutions induce conformational changes in the enzyme. (au)

Optimizing culture conditions for production of intra and extracellular inulinase and invertase from Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611 by response surface methodology (RSM)

Abstract The aim of this study was obtain a model that maximizes growth and production of inulinase and invertase by Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611, employing response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM with a five-variable and three-level central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the medium composition. Results showed that the experimental data could be appropriately fitted into a second-order polynomial model with a coefficient of determination (R2) more than 0.90 for all responses. This model adequately explained the data variation and represented the actual relationships between the parameters and responses. The pH and temperature value of the cultivation medium were the most significant variables and the effects of inoculum size and agitation speed were slightly lower. The intra-extracellular inulinase, invertase production and biomass content increased 10-32 fold in the optimized medium condition (pH 6.5, temperature 30 °C, 6% (v/v), inoculum size and 150 rpm agitation speed) by RSM compared with medium optimized through the one-factor-at-a-time method. The process development and intensification for simultaneous production of intra-extracellular inulinase (exo and endo inulinase) and invertase from A. niger could be used for industrial applications.

Double mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced β-D-fructofuranosidase fructohydrolase productivity and application of growth kinetics for parametric significance analysis

Abstract The kinetics of an extracellular β-D-fructofuranosidase fructohydrolase production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a chemically defined medium, i.e., sucrose peptone agar yeast extract at pH 6, was investigated. The wild-type was treated with a chemical mutagen, methyl methane sulfonate. Among the six mutants isolated, methyl methane sulfonate-V was found to be a better enzyme producing strain (52 ± 2.4a U/mL). The maximum production (74 ± 3.1a U/mL) was accomplished after at 48 h (68 ± 2.7a mg/mL protein). The mutants were stabilized at low levels of 5-fluoro-cytocine and the viable ones were further processed for optimization of cultural conditions and nutritional requirements. The sucrose concentration, incubation period and pH were optimized to be 30 g/L, 28 °C, and 6.5, respectively. The methyl methane sulfonate-V exhibited an improvement of over 10 folds in enzyme production when 5 g/L ammonium sulfate was used as a nitrogen source. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis illustrated the optimal enzyme activity supported by the higher rate of hydrolysis of sucrose into monosaccharides, particularly α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose. The values for Qp (2 ± 0.12c U/mL/h) and Yp/s (4 ± 1.24b U/g) of the mutant were considerably increased in comparison with other yeast strains (both isolates and viable mutants). The mutant could be exploited for enzyme production over a wider temperature range (26–34 °C), with significantly high enzyme activity (LSD 0.048, HS) at the optimal temperature.

Molecular characterization and expression pattern of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) apoplastic invertase gene / Caracterização molecular e padrão de expressão do gene da invertase do apoplasto em Nicotiana tabacum

The complete mRNA sequence of one tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) gene- apoplastic invertase, was amplified using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods based on some tobacco ESTs. The full-length tobacco apoplastic invertase gene mRNA was 1,985bp containing an 1,740 bp open reading frame, which encodes a protein of 579 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that the apoplastic invertase of tobacco shares high homology with the apoplastic invertase of potato (82%), Lycopersicon esculentum (81%) and Lycopersicon pennellii (78%). Results also showed that tobacco apoplastic invertase gene has a closer genetic relationship with the apoplastic invertase gene of Lycopersicon esculentum. The prediction of transmembrane helices showed that tobacco apoplastic invertase might be a transmembrane protein. The expression profile was studied and the results indicated that tobacco apoplastic invertase gene was differentially expressed in detected tobacco tissues including leaf, stem, root and flower. Our experiment established the foundation for further research on this tobacco gene.

A sequência complete do mRNA em fumo (Nicotiana tabacum) do gene da invertase apoplástica que foi amplificado usando a amplificação rápida da sua terminação pelo método usando cDNA. A sequência completa do mRNA foi de 1.985bp compreendo uma ORF ("open reading frame") de 1.740 pb que codificou 579 aminoácidos. Foi demonstrado uma homologia de 82 % nas sequências obtidas com a invertase apoplástica da batateira, 81 % com o tomateiro da espécie Lycopersicon esculentum e 78 % com Lycopersicon pennellii. Os resultados demonstraram uma homologia e relacionamento genético entre as espécies estudadas.A análise das hélices das transmembranas da invertase do apoplasto demosntraram que a mesma pode ser uma proteína da transmembrana. O padrão da expressão gênica estudado indicou que a invertase apoplástica dos tecidos do fumo incluindo, folha, caule, raiz e flor foi diferente. Novas pesquisas serão realizadas deste gene do fumo bem como sua fundamentação biológica.

Effects of stereoscopic cultivation on soil microorganism, enzyme activity and the agronomic characters of Panax notoginseng / 中国中药杂志

Compartments of soil microorganism and enzymes between stereoscopic cultivation (three storeys) and field cultivation (CK) of Panax notoginseng were carried out, and the effects on P. notoginseng agronomic characters were also studied. Results show that concentration of soil microorganism of stereoscopic cultivation was lower than field cultivation; the activity of soil urea enzyme, saccharase and neutral phosphatase increased from lower storey to upper storey; the activity of soil urea enzyme and saccharase of lower and upper storeys were significantly lower than CK; agronomic characters of stereoscopic cultivated P. notoginsengin were inferior to field cultivation, the middle storey with the best agronomic characters among the three storeys. The correlation analysis showed that fungi, actinomycetes and neutral phosphatase were significantly correlated with P. notoginseng agronomic characters; concentration of soil fungi and bacteria were significantly correlated with the soil relative water content; actinomycete and neutral phosphatase were significantly correlated with soil pH and relative water content, respectively; the activities of soil urea enzyme and saccharase were significantly correlated with the soil daily maximum temperature difference. Inconclusion, The current research shows that the imbalance of soil microorganism and the acutely changing of soil enzyme activity were the main reasons that caused the agronomic characters of stereoscopic cultivated P. notoginseng were worse than field cultivation. Thus improves the concentration of soil microorganism and enzyme activity near to field soil by improving the structure of stereoscopic cultivation is very important. And it was the direction which we are endeavoring that built better soil ecological environment for P. notoginseng of stereoscopic cultivation.

Utilization of molasses and sugar cane bagasse for production of fungal invertase in solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger GH1

Agro-industrial wastes have been used as substrate-support in solid state fermentation for enzyme production. Molasses and sugarcane bagasse are by-products of sugar industry and can be employed as substrates for invertase production. Invertase is an important enzyme for sweeteners development. In this study, a xerophilic fungus Aspergillus niger GH1 isolated of the Mexican semi-desert, previously reported as an invertase over-producer strain was used. Molasses from Mexico and Cuba were chemically analyzed (total and reducer sugars, nitrogen and phosphorous contents); the last one was selected based on chemical composition. Fermentations were performed using virgin and hydrolyzate bagasse (treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid). Results indicated that, the enzymatic yield (5231 U/L) is higher than those reported by other A. niger strains under solid state fermentation, using hydrolyzate bagasse. The acid hydrolysis promotes availability of fermentable sugars. In addition, maximum invertase activity was detected at 24 h using low substrate concentration, which may reduce production costs. This study presents an alternative method for invertase production using a xerophilic fungus isolated from Mexican semi-desert and inexpensive substrates (molasses and sugarcane bagasse).

Date wastes as substrate for the production of alpha-amylase and invertase

In Algeria the date wastes production is estimated at least 85.000 tones. Date wastes is an economic source of carbohydrates for conversion to industrial enzymes because it is readily available and relatively low priced. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of using date wastes as a substrate for the production of alpha-amylase and invertase. Thirty strains of A. niger were isolated from the saline soils collected from five arid locations in Algeria. The process parameters; time, temperature, sugar content, initial pH, nitrogen source, nitrogen and phosphorus content, in the production of these enzymes were optimized. The obtained results showed the potential of the Aspergillus niger for level productions of these enzymes. For alpha- amylase production, the cumulative effect of fermentation period of 96 h, temperature of 30[degree sign]C, sugar content of 20 g/L, initial pH 5.5, supplemented with yeast extract as nitrogen source, and yeast extract and potassium phosphate at 5.0 g/L, content during the fermentation process of date wastes syrup produced alpha-amylase levels up to 285.6 U/ml. Invertase was produced up to 195.56 U/ml were produced under optimum conditions of 96 h, temperature of 30[degree sign]C, initial pH 6.0, sugars content of 40.0 g/L and the utilization of yeast extract and potassium phosphate at concentrations of 11.0 and 3.5 g/L, respectively. The results obtained, provided evidences, supporting the potential of date waste as suitable source for production of alpha-amylase and invertase at industrial scale

Purification and some properties of rose (Fructus cynosbati) hips invertase.

Invertase was purified from rose (Fructus cynosbati) hips by ammonium sulfate fractionation and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The enzyme was obtained with a yield of 4.25% and about 10.48-fold purification and had a specific activity of 8.59 U/mg protein. The molecular mass of invertase was estimated to be 66.51 kDa by PAGE and 34 kDa by SDS-PAGE, indicating that the native enzyme was a homodimer. The enzyme was a glycoprotein and contained 5.86% carbohydrate. The Km for sucrose was 14.55 mM and the optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were 4.5 and 40°C, respectively. Sucrose was the most preferred substrate of the enzyme. The enzyme also hydrolyzed D(+) raffinose, D(+) trehalose and inulin (activity 39.88, 8.12 and 4.94%, respectively of that of sucrose), while D(+) lactose, cellobiose and D(+) maltose showed no effect on the enzyme. The substrate specificity was consistent with that for a β-fructofuranoside, which is the most popular type in the higher plants. The enzyme was completely inhibited by HgCl2, MnCl2, MnSO4, FeCl3, Pb(NO3)2, ammonium heptamolybdate, iodoacetamide and pyridoxine hydrochloride. It was also inhibited by Ba(NO3)2 (86.32%), NH4Cl (84.91%), MgCl2 (74.45%), urea (71.63%), I2 (69.64%), LiCl (64.99%), BaCl2 (50.30%), Mg(NO3)2 (49.90%), CrCl3 (31.90%) and CuSO4 (21.45%) and but was activated by Tris (73.99%) and methionine (12.47%).

Biochemical properties of an extracellular beta-D-fructofuranosidase II produced by Aspergillus phoenicis under Solid-Sate Fermentation using soy bran as substrate

The filamentous fungus A. phoenicis produced high levels of beta-D-fructofuranosidase (FFase) when grown for 72 hrs under Solid-State Fermentation (SSF), using soy bran moistened with tap water (1:0.5 w/v) as substrate/carbon source. Two isoforms (I and II) were obtained, and FFase II was purified 18-fold to apparent homogeneity with 14 percent recovery. The native molecular mass of the glycoprotein (12 percent of carbohydrate content) was 158.5 kDa with two subunits of 85 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE. Optima of temperature and pH were 55ºC and 4.5. The enzyme was stable for more than 1 hr at 50ºC and was also stable in a pH range from 7.0 to 8.0. FFase II retained 80 percent of activity after storage at 4ºC by 200 hrs. Dichroism analysis showed the presence of random and beta-sheet structure. A. phoenicis FFase II was activated by Mn2+, Mg2+ and Co2+, and inhibited by Cu2+, Hg2+ and EDTA. The enzyme hydrolyzed sucrose, inulin and raffinose. Kd and Vmax values were 18 mM and 189 U/mg protein using sucrose as substrate.

Ocorrência e biossíntese de frutooligossacarídeos em banana / Occurrence and biosynthesis of fructooligosaccharides in banana

A banana tem sido comumente indicada como uma boa fonte de frutooligossacarídeos (FOS), que são considerados componentes funcionais de alimentos. Contudo, diferenças significantes em suas quantidades têm sido referidas na literatura. Portanto, uma parte do trabalho foi destinada à identificação e quantificação de FOS durante o amadurecimento de cultivares de bananas pertencentes aos grupos genômicos mais comumente cultivados no Brasil. Considerando as diferenças de cultivar, estágio do amadurecimento e metodologia usada para análise de FOS, os conteúdos dos açúcares foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta performance (HPAEC-PAD) e cromatografia a gás (CG-MS). Uma pesquisa inicial entre oito cultivares no estágio maduro, mostrou acúmulo de 1-cestose, primeiro membro da série de FOS, em todas elas (quantidades entre 297 e 1600 µg/g M.S). A nistose, o segundo membro, foi detectado somente na cultivar Prata. Com bases nestes dados, foram escolhidas cinco cultivares, para que fossem analisadas durante todo o amadurecimento. Os resultados mostraram uma forte correlação entre a chegada a um nível específico de sacarose (~200 mg/g M.S) e a síntese de 1-cestose. Em uma segunda fase, os níveis de sacarose e FOS total foram quantificados em diferentes fases de amadurecimento de banana Prata, armazenada em temperatura ambiente e em baixa temperatura. As supostas enzimas envolvidas em sua síntese também foram avaliadas. Para explorar a possibilidade da invertase ser responsável pela atividade de frutosiltransferase em banana, foi medido o efeito do inibidor Piridoxal HCl, os níveis de concentração do substrato e as atividades de hidrólise e transglicosilação, e o efeito do tempo no estudo cinético da enzima. A baixa temperatura atrasou todos os eventos analisados por 15 dias e os níveis de sacarose tiveram um pequeno aumento, porém constante, enquanto a banana estava armazenada ao frio, e uma rápida elevação no final do amadurecimento. Foi detectado FOS total desde o primeiro dia pós-colheita, enquanto que a 1-cestose permaneceu indetectável até os níveis de sacarose atingirem aproximadamente 200 mg/g M.S., em ambos os grupos. Os níveis de sacarose e FOS total foram ligeiramente maiores em bananas armazenadas em baixas temperaturas do que em frutos controle. Em ambas as amostras os níveis de FOS total foram maiores que de 1-cestose. Os perfis de carboidratos por HPLC e TLC sugeriram a presença de neocestose, 6-cestose e bifurcose. A enzima supostamente responsável pela atividade de transglicosilação em banana parece ser a invertase. Contudo, os altos níveis de sacarose encontrados em banana armazenadas em baixa temperatura, poderiam ser resultado de várias mudanças de enzimas degradativas e biossíntéticas, como sacarose-sintase (SuSy), sacarose-fosfato-sintase (SPS), invertase e outras, uma vez que a sacarose possui um papel central, direta ou indiretamente, em diversas vias do metabolismo de carboidrato em banana. Assim, na última parte do trabalho foram analisados o acúmulo de sacarose e a síntese e atividade de enzimas sintéticas, hidrolíticas e fosforolíticas, importantes no metabolismo de amido-sacarose, durante o amadurecimento de banana Prata nos dois tratamentos. A baixa temperatura não danificou os frutos, aumentando a vida de prateleira deles. As amostras do frio apresentaram pequeno aumento no nível de degradação de amido e um acréscimo de 20 % na sacarose acumulada durante o amadurecimento. Foi verificado o atraso na produção de etileno, CO2, e no início de degradação de amido durante o acondicionamento ao frio, concomitante ao atraso no pico de atividade de α-amilase. O atraso no climatério também manteve alta a atividade e síntese protéica de SuSy durante o armazenamento a frio, que declinaram após a retirada do frio, como no controle. As enzimas ß-amilase, fosforilase (forma citosólica e plastidial) e SPS reagiram positivamente, sofrendo uma indução positiva na síntese e atividade enzimática durante o armazenamento ao frio, que poderia ser parte do mecanismo necessário para os maiores níveis de açúcares e para o processo de tolerância do fruto à baixa temperatura

Banana has been currently indicated as a good source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are considered to be functional components of foods. However, significant differences in their amounts in bananas have been observed in the literature. So, a part of this work aims to identify and quantify FOS during ripening in different banana cultivars belonging to the most common genomic groups cultivated in Brazil. Considering that these differences can be due to cultivar, stage of ripening, and the methodologies used for FOS analyses, sugar contents were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography pulsed amperiometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An initial screening of eight cultivars in a full-ripe stage showed that 1-Kestose, the first member of the FOS series (amounts between 297 and 1600 µg/g of D.M), was accumulated in all of them. Nystose, the second member, was detected only in Prata cultivar. Five of the cultivars were analyzed during ripening, and a strong correlation could be established with a specific sucrose level (~200 mg/g of D.M.), which seems to trigger the synthesis of 1-Kestose. In a second part of this work, the levels of sucrose and total-FOS were quantified in different phases of banana Prata ripening stored at ambient and low temperature. The supposed enzymes involved in their synthesis were also evaluated. To explore the possibility that invertase could be responsible for the fructosyltransferase activity in banana, we measured the effect of the inhibitor Pyridoxal HCl, the level of substrate concentration on both hydrolyze and transglycosylase activity in the same protein extract and the effect of time on kinetic study of the enzyme. The cold temperature delayed all the analyzed events for 15 days and sucrose levels increased low, but constantly, while banana were stored at low temperature and had a burst when it increased. Total-FOS were detected in the first days after harvest, while 1-kestose remained undetectable until the sucrose levels were around 200 mg.g (dry weight), in both groups. Total-FOS and sucrose levels were higher in banana stored at low temperature than in control. In both samples total-FOS levels were higher than 1-kestose. The carbohydrate profiles by HPLC and TLC suggest the presence of neokestose, 6-kestose and bifurcose. The enzyme supposed to be responsible for the transglycosilation activity in banana, seems to be an invertase. However, the higher sucrose levels found in banana stored at low temperature could be result of several changes in biosynthetic and degradative enzymes, such sucrose-synthase, sucrose-phosphate-synthase, invertase and others, once that sucrose plays a central role in a lot of direct and indirect carbohydrate pathways in banana fruits. So, in the last part of this work, we analyzed the sucrose accumulation and synthesis and activity of synthetic, hydrolytic and phosphorolytic enzymes that are important in the starch-sucrose metabolism during ripening of banana Prata stored at ambient and low temperature. The levels of starch degradation and sucrose accumulation (around 20% over) showed high levels in cold fruits as compared with control, during the ripening. The cold temperature delayed the ethylene and CO2 production, and the beginning of the starch degradation, concomitantly with a delay in the profile of α-amylase synthesis and activity. The late climateric also maintained the high synthesis and activity of SuSy during the cold storage that decreased just after ending the cold exposure. The ß-amylase, phosphorylase (plastidial and citossolic forms) and the SPS enzymes showed a positive induction in the both activity and synthesis of protein during the cold storage. It could be important to the higher sugars levels showed at low temperature and that could contribute to the process of cold resistance in banana fruit

comparative study on the inhibitory trend of triphenyltin chloride on the activity of digestive enzymes of two insects

Organotin compounds are widely used mostly as antifeedant. However, in the present investigation the inhibitory effects of one of the organotin compound [Triphenyltin Chloride] on the digestive enzymes of Hieroglyplus nigrorepletus and Leptocorisa varicornis have been studied. It was found [that .05% to 0.10% concentrations inhibited invertase and amylase enzymes of both the insects in progressive manner. The inhibition in the activity of both the enzymes was more in H. nigrorepletus than L. varicornis i.e. 55% and 61% and 44 and 46%, which suggest that this chemical may be useful for the control of pests of agricultural crops

Effect of water deficit on carbohydrate status and enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in seedlings of wheat cultivars.

The effect of water deficit on carbohydrate status and enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism (alpha and beta amylases, sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, acid and alkaline invertases) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated in the seedlings of drought-sensitive (PBW 343) and drought-tolerant (C 306) cultivars. The water deficit was induced by adding 6% mannitol (water potential -0.815 Mpa) in the growth medium. The water deficit reduced starch content in the shoots of tolerant seedlings as compared to the sensitive ones, but increased sucrose content in the shoots and roots of tolerant seedlings, indicating their protective role during stress conditions. It also decreased the alpha-amylase activity in the endosperm of seedlings of both the cultivars, but increased alpha and beta amylase activities in the shoots of tolerant ones. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity showed a significant increase at 6 days of seedling growth (DSG) in the shoots of stressed seedlings of tolerant cultivar. However, SPS activity in the roots of stressed seedlings of sensitive cultivar was very low at 4 DSG and appeared significantly only at day 6. Sucrose synthase (SS) activity was lower in the shoots and roots of stressed seedlings of tolerant cultivar than sensitive ones at early stage of seedling growth. Higher acid invertase activity in the shoots of seedlings of tolerant cultivar appeared to be a unique characteristic of this cultivar for stress tolerance. Alkaline invertase activity, although affected under water deficit conditions, but was too low as compared to acid invertase activity to cause any significant affect on sucrose hydrolysis. In conclusion, higher sucrose content with high SPS and low acid invertase and SS activities in the roots under water deficit conditions could be responsible for drought tolerance of C 306.

Added inositol regulates invertase secretion and glucose-repressed SUC2 gene expression in Saccharomyces sp. W4.

The effect of inositol supplementation on glucose derepression, invertase secretion and SUC2 gene expression in Saccharomyces sp. W4 was studied. Invertase secretion was repressed, when the yeast cells, grown the synthetic medium without inositol (I(-) medium) contained more than 0.2% (w/v) initial concentration of glucose. However, in the same medium plus inositol (I(+) medium, inositol conc. 100 microg/100 ml), invertase secretion was repressed only at glucose concentrations higher than 2.0% (w/v). Results showed that secreted invertase activity increased only in the I+ medium, whereas intracellular invertase activity remained constant in both media during the cell, growth. The mRNA encoding secreted invertase was higher in the glucose-derepressed cells grown in the I(+) medium than in the glucose-repressed cells grown in the I(-) medium. Similarly, phosphatidylinositol (PI) content was significantly higher in the cells grown in the I(+) medium than in the I(-) medium. These results indicated that PI might be involved in the glucose derepression, invertase secretion and SUC2 gene expression at the transcriptional level in the yeast.

Effect of spermine on cell growth and polysaccharide production in suspension cultures of protocorm-like bodies from Dendrobium huoshanense / 生物工程学报

The effect of outer spermine on cell growth, accumulation of polysaccharides and utilization of nutrient together with the intracellular polyamine contents were investigated in suspension cultures of protocorm-like bodies from Dendrobium huoshanense. The results indicated that spermine at 0.6 mmol/L was the most effective in increasing cell growth and polysaccharide synthesis. The specific growth rate of cell increased from 0.046d(-1) to 0.054d(-1), and the maximum dry weight and polysaccharide production reached 32.4g DW/L and 2.46g/L respectively, which were 1.32-fold and 1.31-fold that of the control on day 30. The titres of intracellular free polyamines were higher in the cultures treated with spermine than that of the control. Invertase and nitrate reductase activities were found to increase significantly in the cultured cells treated with spermine, which was beneficial to the utilization of carbon and nitrogen source.

Sucrose hydrolysis catalyzed by auto-immobilized invertase into intact cells of Cladosporium cladosporioides

The enzyme known as invertase (E.C. 3.2.1.26 - beta-D-fructofuranosidase) catalyzes the sucrose hydrolysis producing an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose named inverted sugar. The fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides has invertase as its constituent. Hence, its use as a natural immobilized support for the invertase produces interesting results for the enzyme. The present work has the objective of determining the optimum operational conditions of auto-immobilized invertase, as well as its kinetic parameters (K M and Vmax). A complete 2³ factorial planning was done for the evaluation of such parameters. Temperature, pH and agitation level were the studied variables. The hydrolysis percentage was the monitored result. Batch tests in optimum conditions were done to determine the kinetic parameters. Temperature of 70ºC, pH 6 and agitation of 170 rpm were the established conditions for the hydrolysis process. The auto-immobilized invertase presented a K M of 447 mM and Vmax of 2,805 mmol/min.

Influence of juvenile hormone analogue on food consumption and digestive enzyme activities in Spodoptera mauritia Boisd.

Final instar larvae of S. mauritia treated topically on day 0, 1, 2 and day 3 with a daily dose of 20 microg juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) showed an increase in most of the nutritional parameters such as approximate digestibility, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, consumption index and growth rate. Also, the activities of digestive enzymes amylase, invertase, trehalase and protease increased significantly in JHA treated larvae. The supernumerary larvae formed after JHA treatments showed an increase in the activities of digestive enzymes. Neck-ligated larvae treated with 10 microg JHA exhibited a significant increase in the activities of trehalase and protease. The results demonstrate that treatments of JHA increase the activities of digestive enzymes in the last instar larvae of S. mauritia.

Beta-fructofuranosidase production by 2-deoxyglucose resistant mutants of aspergillus niger in submerged and solid-state fermentation.

Aspergillus niger produces extracellular beta-fructofuranosidase under submerged (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions. After UV mutagenesis of conidiospores of A. niger, 2-deoxyglucose (10 g/l) resistant mutants were isolated on Czapek's minimal medium containing glycerol as a carbon source and the mutants were examined for improved production of beta-fructofuranosidase in SmF and SSF conditions. One of such mutant DGRA-1 overproduced beta-fructofuranosidase in both SmF and SSF conditions. In SmF, the mutant DGRA-1 showed higher beta-fructofuranosidase productivity (110.8 U/l/hr) than the wild type (48.3 U/l/hr). While in SSF the same strain produced 322 U/l/hr of beta-fructofuranosidase, 2 times higher than that of wild type (154.2 U/l/hr). In SmF, both wild type and mutants produced relatively low level of beta-fructofuranosidase in medium containing sucrose with glucose than from the sucrose medium. However in SSF, the DGRA-1 mutant grown in sucrose and sucrose+ glucose did not show any difference with respect to beta-fructofuranosidase production. These results indicate that the catabolite repression of beta-fructofuranosidase synthesis is observed in SmF whereas in SSF such regulation was not prominent.

Bioregulation of carbohydrate metabolism in relation to source-sink operation during grain-filling phase of growth in wheat.

Mobilization of free sugars from vegetative tissues to grain and their transformation to starch in relation to activities of some relevant enzymes during growth and development were investigated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Vegetative tissues, viz. flag-leaf, flag-leaf sheath, nodes and internodes contained high concentration of free sugars from 70 DAS to 18 DPA and that was in the order of accumulation--flag-leaf sheath> flag-leaf and internodes > nodes. In these tissues, major portion of 14C appeared in endogenous sucrose, irrespective of the nature of (U-14C]-sugars supplied. In photosynthetic structures above flag-leaf node, namely peduncle, rachis and bracts, the free sugar make-up was maximum at anthesis (90 DAS). Activity of soluble acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) was high in these tissues during early stages of grain growth but reverse was true for soluble neutral invertase (EC 3.2.1.27) activity. In apical and basal portions of grain, free sugars were more or less similarly distributed in concentration. Linear and rapid accumulation of starch in endosperm paralleled with a decline in accumulation of this polymer in pericarp-aleurone. In the latter tissue, the activities of starch hydrolyzing enzymes, i.e alpha- and beta-amylases (3.2.1.1 and 3.2.1.2) were high during initial stages of grain growth. During active grain-filling, alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1) seemed to play a vital role during starch accumulation in endosperm, whereas the involvement of 3-PGA phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.38) was almost confined to pericarp-aleurone. Impairement of ear head photosynthesis by shading depressed starch synthesis (approximately 50%) indicating, thereby, the significant role of current photosynthates during grain-filling. The results suggested that grain growth in wheat was influenced by an efficient operation of source as well as regulatory factors, including enzymes, constituting intrinsic potential of grain sink.

Effect of formulated diet on digestive enzymes of Labeo rohita (Ham.).

Six sets of feeding experiments were carried out using formulated diets containing prawn head waste (PW), chicken intestine waste (CW), banana flower (BF), cauliflower waste (CAU) Dolicos lab lab (DLL) and groundnut leaf (GNL) in four levels of inclusion (15, 30, 45 and 60%) to assess the pattern of distribution and activities of digestive enzymes like cellulase, amylase, maltase, invertase, protease and lipase in the digestive tracts of Labeo rohita fingerlings. A control group of fish was fed with diets containing antibiotics to destroy the digestive tract microflora which may induce digestive functions. In general, the activity of digestive enzymes depended on the amount and type of the ingredients present in the diets ingested by the fish. Test animals showed both endogenous and bacterial cellulase activities which suggests the necessity for including cellulose (plant protein source) as dietary ingredient. Occurrence of higher amount of cellulase in the foregut and amylase in the fore and midgut influenced by DNL and GNL diets revealed the possibility of including less than 40% of the respective ingredients in the diet of rohu. Maltase and invertase were highly influenced by GNL, DLL and BF diets than PW and CW diets. More than 40% inclusion of PW and CW was found to increase protease and lipase secretion in the midgut and hindgut regions. The higher secretion of lipase in the midgut suggested the physiological versatility for lipid digestion in rohu fingerlings.