Múltiples reacciones adversas graves a fármacos en un paciente luego de la infección por COVID-19: informe de un caso / Drug-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in a patient after COVID-19 infection: case report

Durante la pandemia por COVID-19 se observaron diversas reacciones adversas a fármacos. Esto pudo haber estado relacionado con una mayor susceptibilidad inmunológica de los pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 a presentar este tipo de cuadros, así como también con la exposición a múltiples medicamentos utilizados en su tratamiento. Comunicamos el caso de un paciente con una infección respiratoria grave por COVID-19, que presentó 2 reacciones adversas graves a fármacos en un período corto de tiempo. (AU)

During the COVID-19 pandemic, various adverse drug reactions were observed. This could have been related to a greater immunological susceptibility of patients with SARS-CoV-2 to present this type of symptoms, as well as exposure to multiple drugs used in their treatment. We report the case of a patient with a severe respiratory infection due to COVID-19, who presented 2 serious adverse drug reactions associated with paracetamol in a short period of time. (AU)

Predominantly antibody deficiency: case report / Deficiência predominantemente de anticorpos: relato de caso

Abstract Objectives: present a case of Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) as a potential diagnosis in pediatric patients with recurrent infections. Description: male patient, 13 years old, since he was eight months old had recurrent diarrhea, sinusitis, otitis, abscesses and urinary tract infections. At the age of ten, he presented mastoiditis progressing to meningitis, he was admitted to a tertiary hospital, where an immunological evaluation was performed, which led to the diagnosis of Predominantly Antibody Deficiency (PAD), with suspected X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Treatment was initiated with administration of intravenous gamma globulin 400 mg/kg every four weeks, with a significant improvement of the condition. Discussion: usually, the diagnosis of XLA tends to be made in the first three years of life. However, in this report, although the first manifestations started at eight months of age, there was a delay of ten years before starting the treatment. In fact, the diagnosis of children and adults with IEI can be delayed if healthcare professionals are unable to find the true cause of recurrent infections. Therefore, the relevance of considering such pathologies in the presence of risk signs is highlighted, as early diagnosis being essential in treating and preventing morbidities.

Resumo Objetivos: apresentar um caso de Erro Inato da Imunidade (EII) como diagnóstico em potencial de pacientes pediátricos com infecções de repetição. Descrição: paciente masculino, 13 anos, desde os oito meses de idade apresentou quadros repetidos de diarreias, sinusites, otites, abscessos e infecções do trato urinário; destacando-se a otite, sinusite e diarreia pela maior recorrência. Aos dez anos, quando apresentou mastoidite evoluindo para meningite, foi internado em um hospital terciário, onde foi realizada avaliação imunológica, a qual levou ao diagnóstico de Deficiência Predominantemente de Anticorpos (DPAs), tendo como suspeita a agamaglobulinemia ligada ao cromossomo X (ALX). Foi iniciado tratamento com administração de gamaglobulina endovenosa 400 mg/kg a cada quatro semanas, ocorrendo melhora significativa do quadro. Discussão: normalmente, o diagnóstico da ALX tende a ser feito nos primeiros três anos de vida. Neste relato, entretanto, embora as primeiras manifestações tenham iniciado aos oito meses de idade, ocorreu um atraso de dez anos até o início do tratamento. De fato, o diagnóstico de crianças e adultos com EII pode ser retardado se os profissionais de saúde não conseguirem encontrar a causa das infecções recorrentes. Destaca-se, portanto, a relevância de se considerar tais patologias na vigência de sinais de riscos, pois o diagnóstico precoce é fundamental para tratar e prevenir morbidades.

Analysis of adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with positive anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To investigate the relationship between positive anti-Ro/Sjögren syndrome antigen type A (SSA) antibody and anti-La/Sjögren syndrome antigen type B (SSB) antibody in pregnant women and neonatal adverse outcomes. Methods: This study was a retrospective study, and 145 deliveries of 136 anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibody positive pregnant women were selected who had prenatal examination and delivered in Peking University First Hospital from January 2017 to June 2022. According to whether adverse neonatal outcomes occurred, 145 deliveries were divided into adverse outcome group (26 cases) and no adverse outcome group (119 cases). According to the time when anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies were found positive, 145 deliveries were divided into the antibody positive during pregnancy group (69 cases) and the pre-pregnancy antibody positive group (76 cases). The pregnancy outcomes, treatment and maternal and infant antibody levels of pregnant women between the adverse outcome group and no adverse outcome group, between antibody positive during pregnancy group and the pre-pregnancy antibody positive group were compared. Results: (1) Most of the pregnant women with positive anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies were diagnosed as undifferentiated connective tissue disease, accounting for 40.4% (55/136), followed by Sjogren's syndrome (25.0%, 34/136), systemic lupus erythematosus (23.5%, 32/136), antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (6.6%, 9/136), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (1.5%, 2/136), and 4 cases were not diagnosed. (2) The titers of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies in the first trimester and the second trimester were compared, and there were no statistical significances (all P>0.05). (3) The proportion of high level anti-Ro/SSA antibody (>100 kU/L), positive level of anti-La/SSB antibody and positive rate of anti-La/SSB antibody in the adverse outcome group were higher than those in the no adverse outcome group, and the birth weight of newborns and live birth rate in the adverse outcome group were lower than that in the no adverse outcome group, all with statistical significances (all P<0.05). The anti-Ro/SSA antibody level, the proportion of drug treatment (hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoid, gamma globulin), the incidence of fetal growth restriction (FGR), the rate of preterm birth, and the positive level of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies in newborns were compared between the two groups, and there were no statistically significant differences (all P>0.05). (4) The anti-Ro/SSA antibody level of pregnant women in the pre-pregnancy antibody positive group, the proportion of hydroxychloroquine and glucocorticoid treatment, and the anti-Ro/SSA antibody positive rate of newborns were higher, while the incidence of FGR and gamma globulin treatment rate of newborns in the antibody positive during pregnancy group were higher, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The levels of anti-La/SSB antibodies in pregnant women, anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies in newborns, the positive rate of anti-La/SSB antibodies in newborns and the incidence of adverse outcomes were compared between the antibody positive during pregnancy group and the pre-pregnancy antibody positive group, and there were no statistical significances (all P>0.05). Conclusions: High concentrations of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies and co-positive anti-La/SSB antibodies during pregnancy may increase the incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes. There is no significant difference in the incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes between antibody positive pregnant women and antibody positive pregnant women who were first found during pregnancy after comprehensive treatment in the rheumatology and immunology department.

Inmunodeficiencia Común Variable: manifestaciones clínicas iniciales. Serie de casos / Common Variable Immunodeficiency: initial clinical manifestations. Number of cases

La inmunodeficiencia común variable (IDCV) es una inmunodeficiencia primaria caracterizada por hipogammaglobulinemia de comienzo tardío, que se manifiesta principalmente con infecciones recurrentes Objetivo: describir las manifestaciones clínicas iniciales de pacientes con IDCV diagnosticados en el Hospital de Niños Sor Maria Ludovica entre 1981 y 2019.Diecinueve pacientes fueron incluidos. Todos los pacientes tenían historia de infecciones recurrentes, siendo las más frecuentemente observadas la neumonía (74%) y la otitis media (42%).Se documentó diarrea crónica en 9 pacientes (47%), con malabsorción asociada en 6 de ellos. El 32% de los pacientes presentó desnutrición severa y uno de ellos metaplasia gástrica. Un paciente presentó esplenomegalia y otro síndrome de Evans.Bronquiectasias fueron observadas en el 42% de los pacientes al diagnóstico.Conocer las manifestaciones clínicas iniciales de la IDCV es fundamental para el diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento oportuno

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by late onset hypogammaglobulinemia, that can manifest as recurrent infections, autoimmunity, digestive disorders and granulomatous disease. Objectives: to describe the initial clinical findings of patients with CVID diagnosed at Hospital de NiñosSorMariaLudovica, between 1981 and 2019. 19 patients were included, 14 were male (74%). All Patients Had a history of recurrent infections, most frequently pneumonia (74%) and acute otitis media (42%). 9 patients suffered from chronic diarrhea (47%), with associated malabsorption in 6 of them. Thirty-two presented with severe malnutrition and 1 patient with gastric metaplasia. One Patient Had Splenomegaly and 1 had Evans´ syndrome. Bronchiectasis were found in 42% of patients at the time of diagnosis. Early suspicion of CVID from pediatricians is essential in order to arrive at a proper diagnosis

Síndrome de hiperviscosidade em paciente com mieloma múltiplo / Hyperviscosity syndrome in multiple myeloma patients

O mieloma múltiplo é uma neoplasia progressiva e incurável de células B, caracterizado pela proliferação desregulada e clonal de plasmócitos na medula óssea. A síndrome de hiperviscosidade é uma das complicações relacionadas às gamopatias monoclonais, sendo considerada emergência oncológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o quadro clínico de um paciente diagnosticado com mieloma múltiplo que apresentou síndrome de hiperviscosidade, avaliando a prevalência de sinais e sintomas, bem como características fisiopatológicas dessa entidade clínica. Foi revisado o prontuário de um paciente internado na enfermaria da Clínica Médica do Hospital Regional do Cariri (CE) no período de junho a julho de 2018. Além disso, foi realizada revisão de literatura em base de dados (PubMed®) direcionada ao tema proposto. O diagnóstico de mieloma múltiplo foi comprovado por mielograma, sendo prontamente iniciada a corticoterapia e avaliada a resposta clínica após essa terapêutica. Apesar de incomum e menos frequentemente relacionada ao mieloma múltiplo, a síndrome de hiperviscosidade está relacionada a uma grande taxa de mortalidade quando apresenta diagnóstico tardio. A terapia de primeira linha indicada para a síndrome de hiperviscosidade foi a plasmaferese, no entanto, as condições clínicas (instabilidade hemodinâmica) impossibilitaram sua realização. O desfecho deste caso foi o óbito do paciente. Concluiu-se que o diagnóstico precoce e a intervenção terapêutica estão diretamente relacionados à ocorrência de menor incidência de complicações relacionadas ao mieloma múltiplo e à síndrome de hiperviscosidade.

Multiple myeloma is a progressive and incurable B-cell neoplasm characterized by unregulated and clonal proliferation of plasmocytes in the bone marrow. Hyperviscosity syndrome is one of the complications related to monoclonal gammopathies and is considered an oncological emergency. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical condition of a patient diagnosed with multiple myeloma who presented hyperviscosity syndrome, evaluating the prevalence of symptoms and signs, as well as the pathophysiological characteristics of this clinical entity. The medical records of a patient admitted to the Internal Medicine ward of the Hospital Regional do Cariri (CE) from June to July of 2018 were reviewed. In addition, we conducted a literature review in a database (PubMed®) directed to the theme proposed. The diagnosis of multiple myeloma was confirmed by myelogram, and corticosteroid therapy was promptly initiated and the clinical response was evaluated after this therapy. Although uncommon and less frequently related to multiple myeoloma, hyperviscosity syndrome is related to a high mortality rate when diagnosed late. The first line therapy indicated to hyperviscosity syndrome was plasmapheresis; however, the clinical conditions (hemodynamic instability) precluded its performance. The outcome of this case was the patient's death. Thus, it was concluded that early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention are directly related to the occurrence of lower incidence of complications related to multiple myeloma and hyperviscosity syndrome.

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca referente aos dias 4, 5 e 6 de julho de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search for July 4, 5 and 6, 2020

O Informe Diário de Evidências é uma produção do Ministério da Saúde que tem como objetivo acompanhar diariamente as publicações científicas sobre tratamento farmacológico e vacinas para a COVID-19. Dessa forma, são realizadas buscas estruturadas em bases de dados biomédicas, referente ao dia anterior desse informe. Não são incluídos estudos pré-clínicos (in vitro, in vivo, in silico). A frequência dos estudos é demonstrada de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, coortes, entre outros). Para cada estudo é apresentado um resumo com avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Essa avaliação tem por finalidade identificar o grau de certeza/confiança ou o risco de viés de cada estudo. Para tal, são utilizadas ferramentas já validadas e consagradas na literatura científica, na área de saúde baseada em evidências. Cabe ressaltar que o documento tem caráter informativo e não representa uma recomendação oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre a temática. Foram encontrados 17 artigos.

Síndrome anti-GQ1b en un niño con síndrome de Miller-Fisher-Bickerstaff / Anti-GQ1b syndrome. A child with Miller-Fisher-Bickerstaff syndrome

El síndrome anti-GQ1b reúne el síndrome de Miller-Fisher y la encefalitis del tronco cerebral de Bickerstaff, entre otras entidades. Tienen etiopatogenia común, constituida por la presencia de anticuerpos anti-GQ1b que reaccionan contra los sitios GQ1b del sistema nervioso según sea su accesibilidad. La prevalencia anual del síndrome de Miller-Fisher es de 0,09 casos por 100 000 habitantes por año y no existen estudios epidemiológicos sobre la encefalitis del tronco cerebral de Bickerstaff, que sería menos frecuente. De evolución natural hacia la mejoría, se beneficia del tratamiento con gammaglobulina endovenosa.Se presenta a un paciente de 12 años con síndrome de Miller-Fisher­Bickerstaff tras un episodio de diarrea aguda por Campylobacter jejuni en el que los anticuerpos anti-GQ1b resultaron positivos. Es nuestro objetivo comunicar sobre un síndrome de presentación poco habitual en pediatría a fin de advertir acerca de la necesidad de su sospecha precoz y solicitud de estudios de laboratorio específico

Miller-Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, among others, constitute the anti-GQ1b syndrome, with a common immune pathophysiologic pathway characterized by the presence of anti-GQ1b antibodies, which react against the different nervous system GQ1b sites according to their different accessibility. The Miller-Fisher syndrome has a prevalence of 0.09 cases per 100 000 people-year but there are not epidemiological studies about Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, that it seems to be less frequent. In spite of having a good natural outcome, the immunoglobulin administration has been established as efficacious at improving it. A twelve-year-old boy suffering from Miller-Fisher-Bickerstaff syndrome after an acute Campylobacter jejuni diarrhea with positive titers of anti-GQ1b and anti-QGT1a antibodies is presented. We communicate a very uncommon pediatric disease with the aim of warning about the importance of its early suspicion and the need of specific laboratory determination

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca realizada entre 6 e 8 de junho de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search conducted between 6 and 8 June 2020

O Informe Diário de Evidências é uma produção do Ministério da Saúde que tem como objetivo acompanhar diariamente as publicações científicas sobre tratamento farmacológico e vacinas para a COVID-19. Dessa forma, são realizadas buscas estruturadas em bases de dados biomédicas, referente ao dia anterior desse informe. Não são incluídos estudos pré-clínicos (in vitro, in vivo, in silico). A frequência dos estudos é demonstrada de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, coortes, entre outros). Para cada estudo é apresentado um resumo com avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Essa avaliação tem por finalidade identificar o grau de certeza/confiança ou o risco de viés de cada estudo. Para tal, são utilizadas ferramentas já validadas e consagradas na literatura científica, na área de saúde baseada em evidências. Cabe ressaltar que o documento tem caráter informativo e não representa uma recomendação oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre a temática. Foram encontrados 13 artigos.

Gammaglobulina intravenosa para reducir las infecciones en infantes de bajo peso y/o pretérmino / Intravenous gamma globulin to reduce infections in low weight and / or preterm infants

OBJETIVO: Se sugiere la utilización de gammaglobulinas endovenosa en infantes pretérmino (<1500gr con inmunodeficiencia) para profilaxis de infecciones graves. TECNOLOGÍA EVALUADA: Gammaglobulina endovenosa: La inmunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV) contiene un conjunto inmunoglobulina G (IgG) extraída del plasma de más de 1000 donantes de sangre. La IGIV se administra con frecuencia a pacientes inmunodeficientes que tienen disminución de las capacidades de producción de anticuerpos. En pacientes inmunodeficientes se administra para mantener niveles adecuados de anticuerpos para prevenir infecciones y conferir inmunidad pasiva. MÉTODOS: Busqueda bibliográfica. Terminología: Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Estrategia epistemonikos. Estrategia Cochrane library. RESUMEN DE LOS RESULTADOS: Inmunoglobulina intravenosa comparado con no tratamiento para prevenir infecciones en infantes de bajo peso o pretérmino. 15 de los estudios tuvieron alto riesgo de sesgo debido a fallas en el cegamiento, falta de grupo control, attrtion bias, report bias y no usar intención de tratar. La heterogeneidad I2 54% y 50%. Funnel plot asimétrico. Sólo un estudio pequeño bien diseñado con resultados negativos.

Pregnant women complicated with COVID-19: a clinical analysis of 3 cases / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women complicated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 3 pregnant women with COVID-19 admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 19 to February 10, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.@*RESULTS@#There was one case in the first-trimester pregnancy (case 1), one in the second-trimester pregnancy (case 2) and one in third-trimester pregnancy (case 3). Cough, fever, fatigue, lung imaging changes were the main manifestations. The white cell count, lymphocyte percentage had no significantly changes in case 1 and case 3, while the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), IL-6 and IL-10 elevated. The lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage decreased and the inflammatory indicators significantly increased in case 2. All patients were treated with antiviral, antitussive, oxygen inhalation; case 3 received glucocorticoids, case 2 with severe illness received glucocorticoids and additionally gamma globulin. All three cases were cured and discharged. Case 1 with early pregnancy chose to terminate pregnancy after discharge; case 2 chose to continue pregnancy without obstetric complications; and case 3 had cesarean section delivery due to abnormal fetal heart monitoring.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The report shows that COVID-19 in pregnancy women could be cured with active treatment, and the maternal and fetal outcomes can be satisfactory.

Parálisis fláccida aguda por enterovirus con resolución completa del cuadro neurológico. A propósito de un caso pediátrico / Acute flaccid paralysis related to enterovirus with complete resolution of the neurological symptoms. A pediatric case report

Desde la eliminación de la circulación del virus polio salvaje, disminuyeron los casos de parálisis fláccida aguda. Sin embargo, continúan ocurriendo casos asociados a otros enterovirus no polio y virus neurotropos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 9 años con diagnóstico de meningitis y mielitis con compromiso motor en los miembros inferiores y vejiga neurogénica asociado a enterovirus, con resolución completa del cuadro neurológico posterior a la administración de gammaglobulina hiperinmune.

Since the wild poliovirus no longer circulates, the number of cases of acute flaccid paralysis decreased. However, cases related to non-polio enteroviruses and neurotrope viruses continue to occur. We present a nine-year-old patient with meningitis and myelitis with motor involvement in the lower limbs and neurogenic bladder associated with enterovirus, with complete resolution of the neurological symptoms following the administration of hyperimmune gammaglobulin.

Curative Effect of Simply Hormone and Combined Gamma Globulin and Thrombopoietin on Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the curative effect of simply hormone and combined gamma globulin and thrombopoietin(TPO) on primary immune thrombocytopenia(PITP).@*METHODS@#100 patients with PITP were divided into simply drug groups, and combined drug group each for 50 cases. The patients in single drug group were given simply hormone therapy, the patients in combined drug group were given gamma globulin and thrombopoietin. The levels of TPO, platelet activating factor (PAF) were detected by DAS-ELISA. The differences of clinical curative effect, clinical indicators, biochemical indexes and adverse reactions between the two groups were compared.@*RESULTS@#The total effective rate of combined drug group (90.00%) was obviously higher than that in single drug group (66.00%)(P0.05), however, the above-mentioned indexes of two groups after treatment were lower than those before treatment (P0.05), the recurrence rate in combined drug group(2%) was obviously lower than that in single group(14.00%) (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The curative effect of hormone, as well as gamma globulin combined with TPO to treat PITP are satisfying, can obviously improve the levels of TPO, PAF, and the drug safety is higher. but the efficacy of combined drug is surperior to single drug.

Recomendaciones ante exposición a varicela en el ámbito hospitalario / Recommendations concerning exposure to chickenpox in hospital settings

La varicela es una infección viral aguda, con elevada transmisibilidad. Si bien en la mayor parte de los casos cursa como una infección benigna, puede presentar complicaciones en ciertos grupos de riesgo fundamentalmente en el ámbito hospitalario. El siguiente artículo resume los aspectos más importantes del abordaje de los pacientes expuestos a varicela, focalizando en el manejo epidemiológico de los contactos susceptibles en el ámbito de los servicios de salud

Chickenpox is an acute viral infection, with high transmissibility. Although, in most cases, it is a benign infection, it can cause complications in certain risk groups, mainly in the hospital setting. The following article summarizes the most important aspects of the management of patients exposed to varicella, focusing on the epidemiological management of susceptible contacts in the field of health care services

Double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of hyperproteinemia in dogs affected by Leishmania infantum

Three dogs were evaluated for severe hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia secondary to Leishmania infantum. Double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) was performed in two dogs at days 1, 2, and 6 after presentation. The third dog received DFPP at days 1 and 3 after presentation and eleven hemodialysis treatments. Significant reduction in serum total protein (p < 0.0001), alpha-1 (p = 0.023), alpha-2 (p = 0.018), gamma globulins (p = 0.0105), and a significant increase in albumin/globulin ratio (p = 0.0018) were found. DFPP may be a promising therapeutic technique for rapid resolution of signs of hyperproteinemia in dogs affected by L. infantum.

O atendimento médico de pacientes com doenças imunoalérgicas no Brasil: reflexões e propostas para a melhoria ­ Carta de Belo Horizonte / Caring for patients with immunoallergic diseases in Brazil: reflections and proposals for improvement ­ The Belo Horizonte Charter

Apesar do aumento na prevalência e gravidade das doenças imunoalérgicas no Brasil, como em todo o mundo, o acesso a atendimento especializado, exames complementares e terapias que possibilitam o controle adequado delas, especialmente as com potencial fatal, é restrito a poucos centros no Brasil, e muitas dessas condições e terapias não estão contempladas nos Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas do Ministério da Saúde. No presente trabalho, analisamos a realidade atual e carências na assistência a pacientes com doenças alérgicas como anafilaxia, alergia ao leite de vaca, asma, dermatite atópica e urticária crônica e com imunodeficiências primárias. São apresentadas, também, propostas de ações em que a Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia poderia trabalhar em parceria com o Ministério da Saúde para reduzir o impacto médico, social e financeiro dessas doenças.

Despite the increase observed in the prevalence and severity of immunoallergic diseases, both in Brazil and worldwide, access to specialized care and to complementary tests and therapies that allow adequate disease control, especially in potentially fatal cases, is restricted to a few centers in Brazil. In addition, many of these conditions and therapies are not included in the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines. In the present study, we analyze the current situation and weaknesses in the care of patients with allergic diseases such as anaphylaxis, cow's milk allergy, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic urticaria, as well as those with primary immunodeficiencies. Possible actions that could be undertaken by the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology in partnership with the Brazilian Ministry of Health are proposed, with the aim of reducing the medical, social, and financial impact associated with these diseases.

A study on reducing the absorption of lidocaine from the airway in cats

Abstract Purpose: To determine if the combination of lidocaine with epinephrine or gamma globulin would decrease the rate or reduce the amount of local absorption of lidocaine through the airway. Methods: Twenty adult male cats were randomly and evenly distributed into four groups: 1) Group LG: lidocaine administered with gamma globulin; 2) Group LS: lidocaine administered with physiological saline); 3) Group LE: lidocaine administered with epinephrine; 4) Group C: control group. Invasive blood pressure, heart rate, and concentration of lidocaine were recorded before and after administration. Results: The peak of plasma concentrations appeared difference (Group LG: 1.39 ± 0.23 mg/L; Group LS: 1.47 ± 0.29 mg/L and Group LE: 0.99 ± 0.08 mg/L). Compared to Group C, there were significant differences in the average heart rate of Groups LG, LS, and LE (P < 0.05). The average systolic blood pressures were significantly different when each group was compared to Group C (P < 0.05). The biological half-life, AUC0-120, peak time, and half-life of absorption among the three groups have not presented statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Administering lidocaine in combination with gamma globulin through airway causes significant decrease the rate and reduce the amount of local absorption of lidocaine in cats.

Evaluación de la zona gamma del proteinograma por electroforesis: correspondencia clínico-patológica / Evaluation of protein electrophoresis in the gamma zone: clinicopathological correspondence / Avaliação da área gamma do proteinograma por eletroforese: correspondência clínico-patológica

El proteinograma por electroforesis (PxE) sérico es solicitado para detectar modificaciones del perfil proteico. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar las alteraciones de la zona gammaglobulina y su correspondencia con distintos estados clínico-patológicos. Se incluyeron 7.259 pacientes (1-89 años) a los que en 2013 se les solicitó PxE. Según el trazado densitométrico, en la zona gammaglobulina se reconocieron diferentes grupos: hipogammaglobulinemia (<0,60 g/dL), hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal (≥1,80 g/dL), banda monoclonal (BM) y bandas oligoclonales. Prevaleció la hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal (4,2%), seguida por BM (1,4%) e hipogammaglobulinemia (0,8%). Hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal (>3 g/dL) se observó en: hepatitis autoinmune, cirrosis, síndrome de Sjögren, enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo, HIV, hepatitis C y enfermedad de Castleman. El hallazgo de BM correspondió a 47% de pacientes con gammapatía monoclonal de significado incierto y 40% con mieloma múltiple; el 0,5% fueron casos nuevos. Con hipogammaglobulinemias, en adultos prevaleció la inmunosupresión terapéutica (55%), seguida por diabetes/síndrome metabólico/hipotiroidismo (23%); en niños, 22% por inmunosupresión y 78% con hipogammaglobulinemia no clasificada como inmunodeficiencia primaria. Se concluye que en 6,4% de los PxE se observó alteración de la zona gammaglobulina; prevaleció la hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal. En 1 de cada 200 PxE se pesquisó un paciente con BM. El hallazgo de hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal o BM se correspondió con distintos estados clínico-patológicos.

Serum protein electrophoresis (PEP) is requested to screen changes in the protein profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate alterations in the gamma globulin zone and correspondence with various clinical and pathological states. 7259 patients were included (1-89 years of age) who had been requested a PEP in 2013. According to the densitometric tracing, in the gamma globulin zone different groups were recognized: hypogammaglobulinemia (<0.60 g/dL), polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia (≥1,80 g/dL), monoclonal band (MB) and oligoclonal band. The polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia prevailed (4.2%), followed by MB (1.4%) and hypogammaglobulinemia (0.8%). Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia (>3 g/dL) was observed in autoimmune hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, Sjögren's syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, HIV, hepatitis C and Castleman's disease. The MB finding corresponded to a 47% of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and 40% with multiple myeloma; 0.5% were new cases. In adults, hipogammaglobulinemias prevailed in therapeutic immunosuppression cases (55%), followed by patients with diabetes/ metabolic syndrome/ hypothyroidism (23%); in children, 22% with immunosuppression and 78% corresponded to hipogammaglobulinemias not classified as primary immunodeficiency. To conclude, an alteration in the gamma globulin zone was observed in 6.4% of PEP. In 1 out of 200 PEP MB was found. The finding of polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia or MB corresponded to different clinicopathological states.

O proteinograma por eletroforese (PXE) sérico é solicitado para detectar modificações no perfil proteíco. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as alterações da área gammaglobulina e sua correspondência com diversos estados clínico-patológicos. Incluíram-se 7259 pacientes (1-89 anos) aos quais, em 2013, foi solicitado um PxE. De acordo com o traçado densitométrico, na área gammaglobulina, diferente grupos foram reconhecidos: hipogammaglobulinemia (<0,60 g/dL), hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal (≥1,80 g/dL), banda monoclonal (BM) e bandas oligoclonais. Prevaleceu a hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal (4,2%), seguida por BM (1,4%) e hipogammaglobulinemia (0,8%). Hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal (>3 g/dL) foi observada em: Hepatite autoimune, cirrose, síndrome de Sjögren, doença mista do tecido conjuntivo, HIV, hepatite C e doença de Castleman. O achado de BM correspondeu a 47% de pacientes com gammapatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado e 40% com mieloma múltiplo; 0,5% eram casos novos. Com hipogammaglobulinemias em adultos prevaleceu a imunossupressão terapêutica (55%), seguida por diabete/síndrome metabólica/hipotireoidismo (23%); em crianças, 22% por imunossupressão e 78% com hipogammaglobulinemia não classificados como imunodeficiência primária. Conclui-se que em 6,4% dos PxE foi observada alteração da área gammaglobulina; prevaleceu a hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal. Em 1 de cada 200 PxE foi encontrado um paciente com BM. O achado de hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal ou BM se correspondeu com diferentes estados clínico-patológicos.

Clinical Manifestations and Treatment in Korean Patients with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

PURPOSE: X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical manifestations, molecular features, and treatment status of XLA in Korean patients at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. METHODS: Fourteen Korean boys with XLA showing serum agammaglobulinemia, non-detectable to less than 2% of peripheral B-cells, and mutation of the Btk gene were enrolled. We observed the clinical features, laboratory findings, status of treatment, and complications in these XLA patients. RESULTS: All XLA patients had a history of recurrent bacterial infections before diagnosis, and 20% of them had a neutropenia. Of the XLA patients 35.7% had a family history of XLA and 75% of their mothers were carriers. Btk gene analysis showed variable gene mutations in Xq22 including 9 amino acid substitutions, 3 frameshifts, 1 premature stop codon, and 1 splice defect. After intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy, infection episodes decreased, but complications such as bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis remained. CONCLUSIONS: In patients less than 4 years of age with recurrent infection, analysis of serum gamma globulin levels and the Btk gene are recommended for the early diagnosis of XLA and for the appropriate prevention of recurrent infection.

Clinical Manifestations and Treatment in Korean Patients with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

PURPOSE: X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical manifestations, molecular features, and treatment status of XLA in Korean patients at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. METHODS: Fourteen Korean boys with XLA showing serum agammaglobulinemia, non-detectable to less than 2% of peripheral B-cells, and mutation of the Btk gene were enrolled. We observed the clinical features, laboratory findings, status of treatment, and complications in these XLA patients. RESULTS: All XLA patients had a history of recurrent bacterial infections before diagnosis, and 20% of them had a neutropenia. Of the XLA patients 35.7% had a family history of XLA and 75% of their mothers were carriers. Btk gene analysis showed variable gene mutations in Xq22 including 9 amino acid substitutions, 3 frameshifts, 1 premature stop codon, and 1 splice defect. After intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy, infection episodes decreased, but complications such as bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis remained. CONCLUSIONS: In patients less than 4 years of age with recurrent infection, analysis of serum gamma globulin levels and the Btk gene are recommended for the early diagnosis of XLA and for the appropriate prevention of recurrent infection.

A Sporadic Case of Epstein Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Refractory Thrombocytopenia / 대한내과학회지

A 37-year-old female presented to our hospital with a history of bleeding episodes (excessive bleeding after tooth extraction, gum bleeding, easy bruising, and excessive menstruation) and severe thrombocytopenia (2,000/µL). She had no family history of bleeding tendency or thrombocytopenia. No peripheral lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly was noted. The patient's white blood cell count was normal; hemoglobin was 9.7 g/dL. A peripheral blood smear showed markedly decreased platelets, with occasional giant or large platelets. Bone marrow examination found increased megakaryocytes. The patient also complained of hearing difficulty; a hearing test indicated sensory-neural hearing impairment. Her thrombocytopenia was refractory to treatment with glucocorticosteroids, intravenous gamma-globulin, and danazol. In the 13 years following her initial presentation, the patient required anti-hypertensive treatment, a hearing-aid for progressive hearing loss, and started maintenance kidney dialysis. Her clinical history of refractory thrombocytopenia, progressive hearing impairment, and renal failure suggested myosin heavy chain 9 gene-related congenital syndrome (Epstein syndrome), which was confirmed by the presence of a heterozygous deletion mutation, c.221_223del, (p.Lys74del) in peripheral leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid.