Utility of YouTube online learning for junior gastrointestinal endoscopists: A rewarding or deterring practice?

Endoscopy is a competitive field in clinical practice, in which skilled endoscopists are in high demand. The learning process for Junior Gastrointestinal Endoscopists (JGEs) is difficult, quite long, and technically demanding. This directs JGEs to seek additive learning sources, including online sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency, context, attitudes, perceived benefits, drawbacks, and recommendations for using YouTube videos as an educational platform among JGEs from the uses'prespective. We disseminated a cross-sectional online questionnaire from January 15th to March 17th, 2022, and recruited 166 JGE from 39 different countries. The majority of surveyed JGEs (138, 85.2%) were already using YouTube as a learning tool. The majority of JGEs (97, 59.8%) reported gaining knowledge and applying it in their clinical practice, but 56 (34.6 %) reported gaining knowledge without application in real practice. Most participants (124, 76.5 %) reported missing procedure details in YouTube endoscopy videos. The majority of JGEs (110, 80.9%) reported that YouTube videos are provided by endoscopy specialists. Only one participant, 0.6% out of the 166 JGEs surveyed, disliked video records, including YouTube as a source of learning. Based on their experience, 106 (65.4%) of participants recommended YouTube as an educational tool for the coming generation of JGEs. We consider that YouTube represents a potentially useful tool for JGEs, supplying them with both knowledge and clinical practice tricks. However, many drawbacks could make the experience misleading and time-consuming. Consequently, we encourage educational providers on YouTube and other platforms to upload well-constructed, peer-reviewed, interactive educational endoscopy videos.

Antecedentes : La endoscopia es un campo competitivo en la práctica clínica en el que los endoscopistas calificados tienen una gran demanda. El proceso de aprendizaje para los endoscopistas gastrointestinales junior (JE) es difícil, bastante largo y técnicamente exigente. Esto dirige a los JE a buscar fuentes de aprendizaje adicionales, incluidas las fuentes en línea. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia, el contexto, las actitudes, los beneficios percibidos, los inconvenientes y las recomendaciones para el uso de videos de YouTube como una plataforma educativa entre los JE desde la perspectiva de los usuarios. Métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario transversal en línea difundido del 15 de enero al 17 de marzo de 2022 reclutó a 166 endoscopistas gastrointestinales junior de 39 países diferentes. Resultados : La mayoría de los JE encuestados (138, 85,2%) ya utilizaban YouTube como herramienta de aprendizaje. La mayoría de los JE (97, 59,8 %) refirieron adquirir conocimientos y aplicarlos en su práctica clínica, pero 56 (34,6 %) informaron adquirir conocimientos sin aplicación en la práctica real. La mayoría de los participantes (124, 76,5 %) informó que faltaban detalles del procedimiento en los videos de endoscopia de YouTube. La mayoría de los JE (110, 80,9%) informaron que los videos de YouTube son proporcionados por especialistas en endoscopia. Solo a un participante, el 0,6% de los 166 JE encuestados, le disgustaron los registros de video, incluyendo a YouTube como fuente de aprendizaje. Según su experiencia, 106 (65,4 %) de los participantes recomendaron YouTube como una herramienta educativa para la próxima generación de JE. Conclusión: YouTube representa una herramienta potencialmente útil para los EJ, brindándoles tanto conocimientos como trucos para la práctica clínica. Sin embargo, muchos inconvenientes podrían hacer que la experiencia sea engañosa y consuma mucho tiempo. En consecuencia, alentamos a los proveedores de educación en YouTube y otras plataformas a subir videos de endoscopia educativos interactivos, bien construidos y revisados por pares.

Human Umbilical Cord Blood CD34-Positive Cells as Predictors of the Incidence and Short-Term Outcome of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the leading causes of neurological handicap in developing countries. Human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) CD34-positive (CD34⁺) stem cells exhibit the potential for neural repair. We tested the hypothesis that hUCB CD34⁺ stem cells and other cell types [leukocytes and nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs)] that are up-regulated during the acute stage of perinatal asphyxia (PA) could play a role in the early prediction of the occurrence, severity, and mortality of HIE. METHODS: This case-control pilot study investigated consecutive neonates exposed to PA. The hUCB CD34⁺ cell count in mononuclear layers was assayed using a flow cytometer. Twenty full-term neonates with PA and 25 healthy neonates were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: The absolute CD34⁺ cell count (p=0.02) and the relative CD34⁺ cell count (CD34+%) (p<0.001) in hUCB were higher in the HIE patients (n=20) than the healthy controls. The hUCB absolute CD34⁺ cell count (p=0.04), CD34⁺% (p<0.01), and Hobel risk scores (p=0.04) were higher in patients with moderate-to-severe HIE (n=9) than in those with mild HIE (n=11). The absolute CD34⁺ cell count was strongly correlated with CD34⁺% (p<0.001), Hobel risk score (p=0.04), total leukocyte count (TLC) (p<0.001), and NRBC count (p=0.01). CD34+% was correlated with TLC (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: hUCB CD34⁺ cells can be used to predict the occurrence, severity, and mortality of neonatal HIE after PA.

Sanitary evaluation of curd dairy products

A total of 90 samples, [30 of each plain yogurt, Kareish cheese, and Ras cheese] were randomly collected from street-vendors, groceries and supermarkets of different sanitary levels in Mansoura city, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. All samples were subjected to sanitary, chemical and microbiological evaluation. The mean values of acidity% and fat% in plain yogurt, Kareish cheese, and Ras cheese were 0.644 +/- 0.106, 1.5 +/- 0.066, 1.97 +/- 0.0578; 0.64 +/- 0.124, 5.88 +/- 0.7004 and 48.94 +/- 0.43, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean values of protein%, lactose%, and SNF% in plain yoghurt were 2.2 +/- 0.094, 3.28 +/- 0.138 and 5.98 +/- 0.25, respectively. The mean values of salt% and moisture% in Kareish cheese and Ras cheese were 2.55 +/- 0.248, 2.38 +/- 0.079; 67.18 +/- 0.891 and 32.75 +/- 0.899, respectively. The main values of Staphylococcus aureus, Coliforms and Enterococci count in plain yoghurt, Kareish cheese and Ras cheese samples were 9.2x10[4] +/- 2.9x10[4], 4.12x10[5] +/- 1.3x10[5], 4.64x10[5] +/- 8.82x10[4]; 10.5x10[4] +/- 2.16x10[4], 6.65x10[5] +/- 1.27x10[5], 2.39x10[5] +/- 6.54x10[4]; 9.99x10[5] +/- 1.94x10[5], 3.73x10[5] +/- 6.11x10[4] and 3.38x10[5] +/- 9.17x10[4] cfu/g, respectively. The mean values of yeast and mold count in Kareish cheese and Ras cheese were 1.27x10[5] +/- 1.24x10[4], 3.82x10[4] +/- 3.48x10[3]; 1.16x10[5] +/- 4.24x10[4] and 7.06x10[4] +/- 3.27x10[4] cfu/g, respectively. Thus, strict hygienic measures should be followed during processing, handling and distribution to improve the hygienic quality of plain yoghurt, Kareish cheese and Ras cheese

Mycological evaluation of imported frozen fish

A total number of 100 samples of four types of frozen fish [Barbone, Sardine, Baca and Mackerel] were collected from different Alexandria markets. The samples were subjected to mycological tests to evaluate the fungal load of these frozen fish. The result showed that the predominant genera of the isolated mould from the 4 types of fish were Asperigellus spp. and Penicillium spp. In addition to other mould isolates these were Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Nigrosporium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. It showed also that the predominant genus of isolated yeast, from the 4 types of fish, was Candida spp. and the other isolated yeast were Torulopsis spp., Rhodotorulla spp. and Geotrichium spp. This study showed how these types of frozen fish were being contaminated from different sources by yeast and mould. Also, the hazardous and public health importance of such contaminants were fully discussed and suggested recommendations to improve its quality and safety were explained to be implemented

impact of fish parasites on human health [review article]

One of the most important problems faced by world at the present time is food deficiency. Today the third world is facing protein deficiency as one of the major global challenges. In Egypt, the continuous population explosion requires more food production to meet the consequent increasing demands. However, there are many zoonotic fish parasites not onlu in Egypt but worldwide

Assessment of sanitary measures of ras cheese in manufacturing dairy plant in Alexandria governorate

The assessment of sanitary measures of Ras cheese was undertaken through microbiological evaluation of cheese and its processing environments in traditional manufacturing dairy plant in Alexandria Governorate. A total of 215 representative samples include received raw milk [25], cheese curd [25], fresh Ras cheese [25], three months aged Ras cheese [25], and six months aged Ras cheese [25]. As well as swabs from cheese vat [15], stainless-steel cylindrical forms [15], stainless-steel tables [15] and hand workers [15] were taken. Also [15] samples of rennet and [15] samples of annatto [coloring agent] were collected. The trials were repeated 3 times from 3 different patches within 6 months to ensure the most contaminated points. Raw milk was heavily contaminated as the mean values of total bacterial count, Coliforms count, S. aureus count and total Yeast and Mould count were 1.11 x 10[7] +/- 2.45 x 10[6] cfu/ml, 8.24 x 10[4] +/- 1.68 x 10[4] cfu/ml, 7.77 x 10[2] +/- 4.33 x 10[2] cfu/ml and 4.10 x 10[2] +/- 2.0 x 10[2] cfu/ml, respectively. Meanwhile Slight decline of all these counts was observed in curd samples. Then the counts increases again in fresh cheese samples specially Coliforms and S. aureus counts as folow 1.88 x 10[3] +/- 8.13 x 10 cfu/gm and 1.64 x 10[3] +/- 3.66 x 10[2] cfu/gm, respectively. Three aged cheese samples revealed slight reduction in Coliforms and S. aureus counts as follow 1.44 x 10[2] +/- 2.14 x 10 cfu/gm and 8.41 x 10 +/- 1.80 x 10 cfu/gm, respectively. Meanwhile, 6 months aged cheese samples shows great reduction of Coliforms and S. aureus counts as follow 0.2 x 10 +/- 0 cfu/gm and 2.66 x 10 +/- 8.43 x 10 cfu/gm, respectively indicating the fact that the prolonged aging of Ras cheese increase the safety of the product. Samples of rennet, Cheese vat, stainless-steel cylindrical forms and stainless-steel tables showed high contamination with TBC and Coliforms while hand workers swabs were harbored high S. aureus and Coliforms counts. Results pose that the most reliable sources of contamination along Ras cheese manufacturing line were received raw milk, rennet, vats, forms, tables as well as hand workers. Preventive measures and GMP these could be applied to improve the hygienic quality of Ras cheese were fully discussed

Acute perforated peptic ulcer at El Obeid hospital, western Sudan

The pattern of peptic ulcer disease and its complications has changed during the last two to three decades. To state the frequency of acute peptic ulcer perforations and outcomes of their management at El Obeid Hospital, Western Sudan. This is an audit of patients with acute perforated peptic ulcer admitted to the emergency wards of the University Surgical Unit at El Obeid Teaching Hospital, Western Sudan during the period from January 2006 to December 2012. There were 53 patients, 94.3% were males. The age ranged between 18 and 77 years. Most of the patients reported late and 45.3% during Ramadan and Shawal. All patients had emergency peritoneal lavage and simple closure with omental patch followed by anti-ulcer therapy. The postoperative mortality was 7.6%. Perforated peptic ulcer in this community was mainly duodenal. Emergency peritoneal lavage and simple closure with omental patch followed by anti- ulcer therapy resulted in excellent outcomes. Old age, shock, peritonitis and septicaemia were the major risk factors for mortality

Cardioprotective and antioxidant effects of oleogum resin "Olibanum" from Bos Boswellia carteri Birdw. (Bursearceae) / 中国天然药物

One of the leading causes of death worldwide is cardiovascular disease, hence searching for a cure is an important endeavor. The totally safe, edible, and inexpensive Boswellia plant exudate, known as olibanum or frankincense, is considered to possess diverse medicinal values in traditional medicine and from recent biological studies. Investigating the cardioprotective and antioxidant activities of olibanum from a Boswellia species, family Bursearaceae, namely Boswellia carteri Birdw. was the aim of this study. Cardioprotective activity was evaluated using a model of myocardial infarction induced by isoprenaline (ISO), while antioxidant activity was tested adopting nitric oxide scavenging (NOS) and azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. The results revealed a mild cardioprotective effect and weak antioxidant activity.

Availability of barley straw application on oil spill clean up

Oil spills are a global concern due to the environmental and economical impact. Various commercial systems have been developed to control these spills, including the use of fibers as sorbents. However, most sorbents end up in landfills or in cineration after single use. These options either produce another source of pollution or increase the oil recovery cost. Plant biomass is renewable resource that can be converted into useful materials and energy. Barley straw, an agricultural waste, was used as sorbent material. The present study examines the absorption capacity of raw barley straw for different petroleum products and water pick up. The investigate revealed that the capacity of fibers to remove crude oil from sea water was related to the surface properties of the fibers, concentration of the oil, size of the fiber, amount of the fibers, as well as the temperature of the crude oil. Cyclic sorption /desorption studies indicated that a simple squeezing operation was enough to remove most of the oil sorbed and that recycling was feasible

Osmium [VIH]-catalyzed oxidation of indoles by potassium hexacyanoferrate [III] in alkaline media: a kinetic and mechanistic study

The reaction of indoles with Os [VIII] catalyzed hexacyanoferrate [III] in alkaline media to produce the corresponding oxindole has been studied at constant temperature and ionic strength. The reaction followed first order kinetics with respect to [indole], [OH[-] and [Os [VIII]], fractional order in [Fe[CN][6][-3]. The effects of added electrolytes, potassium hexacyanoferrate [II], relative permitivity and temperature have also been studied. A mechanism consistent with the kinetic data is proposed. Furthermore, the structural influence of the indoles on the reactivity has been discussed

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of indoles by alkaline potassium hexacyanoferrate [III]

The reaction of indoles with hexacyanoferrate [III] in alkaline media to produce the corresponding oxindole has been studied at constant temperature and ionic strength. The reaction followed first order kinetics with respect to [indole] and [OH[-], whereas fractional order with respect to [Fe[CN][6][-3]] was found. The effects of added electrolytes, potassium hexacyanoferrate [II], relative permitivity and temperature have also been studied. On the basis of experimental observations, a probable reaction mechanism has been proposed

Oil spill sorption using carbonized pith bagasse: trial for practical application

In the present work, an attempt was made to provide an efficient, easily deployable method of cleaning up oil spills and recovering of the oil. Carbonized pith bagasse, a relatively abundant and inexpensive material is currently being investigated as an adsorbent to remove contaminants 'oil' from water. Fibers extracted from bagasse and carbonized at 300 °C were found to have a high performance for sorption and recovery of light, heavy oils and even the viscous ones. The physical properties of pith bagasse were investigated using scanning electronic microscope to show the inner and the outer surface and the cross section area of the pith bagasse and thermo gravimetric analyzer to investigate the degradation profile of the pith bagasse. The carbonized pith bagasse was packed into a polypropylene bag and its sorption behavior was studied. A comparison was made between the prepared pad and the commercial sorbents show that the pad containing carbonized pith bagasse has higher sorption capacity in comparison to the commercial sorbents. The pad exhibited high oil retention ability and a high selectivity for the oils over the water. The pad showed a possibility of reuse for eight times. The sorption capacity of the pads containing carbonized pith bagasse was found to increase with increasing the time of sorption till it reaches the maximum value at the time of sorption equal to 60 min

Viral hepatitis c infectivity of nasal secretion: PCR evaluation

The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection in nasal lavage [NL] fluid of patients had no history of previous HCV infection. The study was designed as a 2-arm screening study: Group N included 200 randomly chosen patients and started by testing NL fluid for presence of anti-HCV antibodies [anti-HCV Ab] and those with positive result underwent determination of sero-positivity. The other arm consisted of another patients' group [Group S; n=200] underwent determination of sero-positivity, and those proved positive underwent determination of positivity of their NL fluid for anti-HCV Ab. PCR identification of HCV RNA was conducted for all positive sera and NL fluid. Anti-HCV Ab were detected in NL fluid of 7 patients with detection rate of 3.8% and in serum samples of 10 patients with a detection rate of 5% and an overall detection rate of patients with anti-HCV positive of 4.4%. The 7 patients with anti-HCV Ab positive NL fluid were sero-positive; while only 6 of the 10 sero-positive patients had anti-HCV Ab positive NL fluid, thus, determination of anti-HCV Ab in NL fluid could detect sero-positive patients with sensitivity rate of 76.4%. Qualitative PCR detection of HCV-RNA identified viral RNA in 14 serum samples; 13 samples were sero-positive and NL fluid positive and one was sero-positive but NL fluid negative, while the other 3 sero-positive samples were free of viral RNA. Thus, NL fluid anti-HCV Ab positivity could identify patients with viremia with sensitivity and accuracy rates of 92.8% and 94.1%, respectively and could exclude the presence of viremia with a negative predictive value of 75%. Using ROC curve analysis, defined determination of positivity of NL fluid as specific predictor for the presence of viremia with AUC=0.673, while sero-positivity showed AUC=0.500. To evaluate the infectivity of NL fluid, PCR identification of HCV viral R1VA in NL fluid was conducted for all NL fluid samples proved positive for antibodies and could detect HCV-RNA in 3 samples with infectivity rate of 17.6%.. It could be concluded that positivity for anti-HCV Ab was detected in 4.4% of the studied population supposed to be free of HCV infection and anti-HCV Ab determination in NL fluid could predict viremia with accuracy rate of 94.1% and could be considered as specific predictor with AUC=0.673 with an infectivity rate of NL fluid was 17.6%

Nuclear factor KAPPA-B, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the transforming growth factor-beta as biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma on top of HCV infection

The current study was aimed to investigate the usefulness of nuclear factor kappa- B [NF- kB] expression, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF- alpha] and the transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta1] as markers in prediction and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] on top of HCV. The current study was performed on 30 male Egyptian patients, their age ranged from 43 to 74. Twenty patients with hepatitis C virus'related hepatocellular carcinoma [HCV-related HCC] with no evidence of extrahepatic metastasis or hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] and 10 Egyptian patients with chronic active hepatitis C virus, with matched age and sex. All patients were infected with HCV genotype-4a. Fasting blood samples were collected from all subjects [10 ml each]. 1 ml was added onto EDTA for immediate extraction of NF- kB RNA. The serum was used for the qualitative determination of HCV antibodies, quantitative determination of HCV-RNA by PCR, quantitative determination of the bio-markers [AFP-TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1], as well as quantitative determination alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and albumin. Results revealed a non significant change in HCV-RNA and ALT in HCV-related HCC patients compared to HCV infected patients. Whereas, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, AFP and NF-kB were increased significantly in HCV-related HCC patients compared to HCV infected patients. Stepwise multi-regression analysis showed that NF- kB [more than 1.49 fold change] with TGF-beta [more than 8438 pg/ml] together are the most sensitive predictors for HCC. NF- kB, TGF- beta are the most sensitive predictors for HCC on top of HCV

Sequence analysis of the hepatitis C virus non-structural 5A region [NS5A] in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

The current study was aimed to analyze the sequence of hepatitis C virus non-structural 5A region [NS5A] from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] on top of hepatitis C virus and compare these sequences with those of hepatitis C virus non-structural 5A region [NS5A] from patients with chronic active hepatitis C virus to characterize the similarity and/or differences between the two groups. This study included 20 male Egyptian patients, their age ranged from 43 to 74, with hepatitis C virus _ related hepatocellular carcinoma [HCV-related HCC] and no evidence of extrahepatic metastasis. All were negative for hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]. All patients were HCV genotype-4a. Ten Egyptian patients with chronic active hepatitis C virus with matched age and sex were also included as reference group. Serum samples were collected for HCVRNA extraction, amplification and sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed that 11 patients out of 20 [55%] of the HCV-related HCC group harbored a wild-type strain sequence of NS5A region [Accession # NP

Detection and partial sequence identification of grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 in Egypt

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 [GLRaV-1] was detected in the grapevine plants collected from different cultivated areas in Egypt and tested using different serological and molecular tools. Double-antibody sandwich ELISA [DAS-ELISA] was successfully carried out using GLRaV-1 polyclonal antibodies to detect infected plants. PCR with primers designed at the heat shock protein 70 [HSP70] gene region, a fragment of 271 bp of GLRaV-1, was used. Molecular hybridization with non-radioactive probes was used to detect the presence of virus particles. The partial sequence of HSP70 fragment from the Egyptian isolate of GLRaV-1 was performed and showed high identity [95%] with the Australian isolate of GLRaV-1 sequence. The molecular methods used for viral diagnosis showed a higher sensitivity in the detection of GLRaV-1 compared to DAS-ELISA. These procedures may serve as an alternative method for GLRaV-1 detection, due to the weak sensitivity of ELISA test to differentiate between the different isolates

Role conflict and ambiguity and its relationship with stress level among nurse interns

Considering the importance of identifying sources of role conflict and role ambiguity that contribute to effective positive change in a hospital setting to provide opportunities for nurses to be more productive, it became necessary to develop a systematic organized study to investigate role conflict and role ambiguity and their relation with role stress among nurse interns. This study aimed to assess perceived levels of role conflict and ambiguity and their relationship with stress level among nurse interns. This exploratory study was conducted at the inpatient units in Zagazig University Hospitals. The sample of the present study consisted of 105 nurse interns, 50 of them are assigned in general units and 55 in specialty units. Questionnaire sheets were used for data collection. Results revealed that role conflict had a significant effect on stress level of nurse interns. The study recommended formulate clear and detailed intern job description and introduce mentorship program so that the mentor provides an opportunity to share information with the nurses intern, review their work, provide feedback, explore issues, plan strategies to solve their problems

Quality assessment of sweetened condensed and evaporated milks in Alexandria governorate [with 4 tables]

Concentrated milk is extensively imported from different countries abroad. These products, with their greater concentration of milk solids are useful in the manufacture of ice cream, candies, and a variety of other food items. Forty random samples of concentrated milk [20 each of sweetened condensed and evaporated milks] of different brands were collected from large supermarkets in Alexandria Governorate. All examined concentrated milk samples were subjected to the physical and organoleptic evaluation. The mean values of total solids, fat, sucrose contents and sugar/water ratio in the examined sweetened condensed milk samples were 30.4 +/- 0.31; 9.18 +/- 0.11; 43.93 +/- 0.54 and 62.94 +/- 0.43, respectively. While, the mean values of total solids and fat content in examined evaporated milk samples were 23.17 +/- 1.64 and 8.54 +/- 0.12, respectively. The mean values of aerobic plate count, anaerobic plat count in the examined sweetened condensed milk and evaporated milk samples were 3.05x10[2] +/- 1.07x10 and 2.33x10 +/- 0.88x10; 1.1x10[2] +/- 9.4x10 and 1.33x10 +/- 0.33x10 cfu/g, respectively. Enterococci contaminated 25% of the examined sweetened condensed milk samples with varying numbers. Osmophilic fungi were found in 25% of examined sweetened condensed milk samples with a mean value of 6.44x10 +/- 2.7x10. While, the mean value of total yeast and mould count in examined evaporated milk was 0.95x10 +/- 0.25x10 cfu/g. Bacillus cereus contaminated 20% of examined condensed milk samples with a mean value of 8.75x10 +/- 7.0x10. Salmonellae, Coliforms and Clostridium perfringens failed to be detected in the examined samples of concentrated milk. The public health, economic importance of the isolated species and suggested control measure were discussed

Microbial biofilms in relation to milk quality [with one table and 4 figures]

The attachment of bacteria with subsequent development of biofilms in food processing environments is a potential source of contamination that may lead to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. The present study was carried out in a buffalo dairy farm in Alexandria governorate for studying the biofilm of milking machine. A total of 192 swabs were taken from teatcups, milk jars, milk pipelines [rubber and stainless steel] and bulk tank milk [48 of each] as well as 30 bulk tank milk samples after using farm program, and after application of Iodophores and QACs. By application of Iodophores and QACs, total bacterial counts reduced by 29.03 and 53.37; 79.90 and 80.91; 31.87 and 62.89; 55.65 and 78.03 and 66.18 and 80.37%, respectively, While Coliforms were suppressed by 29.03 and 53.37; 79.90 and 80.91; 31.87 and 62.89; 55.65 and 78.03 and 66.18 and 80.37%, respectively. S. aureus forming biofilm in teatcups, milk pipelines, milk jars and tank milk was reduced by 28.22 and 23.08; 67.62 and 61.62; 93.04 and 86.83 and 87.30 and 84.24%., respectively. The reduction percentages for Enterococci counts of teatcups, milk pipelines, milk jars and tank milk and bulk tank milk after using Iodophores and QACs were 72.45 and 94.05; 74.67 and 92.13; 37.44 and 90.81; 80.25 and 95.99 and 75.46 and 79.37%, respectively. It could be concluded that QACs is more efficient on TBC, Coliforms and Enterococci counts, while Iodophores is more efficient on S. aureus. Both Iodophores and QACs are failed to overcome the microbial biofilm of milking machine