FEV1 and FVC pulmonary function reference values among 6-18-year-old children: a multi-centre study in Saudi Arabia

It is important to establish lung function reference values for each population. This study aimed to determine the spirometric reference values for healthy Saudi Arabian children and adolescents and to derive prediction equations for these. A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthy schoolboys and girls aged 6–18 years old, selected randomly from the 6 administrative regions of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected by questionnaire and physical examinations including spirometry. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] and forced vital capacity [FVC] were significantly higher in males than females. Height was the anthropometric variable most strongly correlated with FEV1 [r = 0. 61], more so for males [r = 0.71] than females [r = 0.50]. In males the multivariate linear regression model explained 53.9% of FEV1 and 35.1% of FVC variations. In females it explained 25.3% of FEV1 and 16.5% of FVC variations. All changes in R2 were statistically significant.

Perfusion index derived from pulse oximetry versus lactate monitoring for outcome prediction in polytraumatized patients

Perfusion Index is a non-invasive numerical value of peripheral perfusion [PI] obtained from pulse oximetery. Prognostic value of perfusion index and its relation to serum lactate and brain natriuretic peptide [BNP] changes has not been investigated in poly-traumatized patients. Fifty poly-traumatized adult patients with hemorrhagic shock without head injury were studied in a prospective observational study, perfusion index changes in relation to serum lactate, lactate clearance and Brain Natriuretic Peptide in survivors and non survivors and their predictability of mortality was evaluated. Full resuscitation according to the advanced trauma life support guidelines [ATLS] was carried out and the morbidity and mortality were followed up for 48 hours. Perfusion index was included as a target for peripheral perfusion and we compared its sensitivity and specificity with serum lactate and BNP for prediction of mortality. Statistical analysis was done using pearson's correlation and receiver operating curve [ROC]. Perfusion index showed a significant difference between survivors and non survivors after the first 6 hours post resuscitation [p < 0.001], ROC analysis showed that perfusion index /= 2.25 mmol/L provided the optimal cutoff point for predicting mortality with AUC was 0.57, sensitivity 79% and specificity 69%. Lactate clearance showed a significant difference between survivors and non survivors [p < 0.001], ROC curve analysis showed that lactate clearance < 3.0 mmol/L/24 hours provided the optimal cutoff point for predicting mortality with AUC was 0.97, sensitivity 97% and specificity 86%. Brain natriuretic peptide level at 48 hours [BNP-48] was significantly higher in non survivors than in survivors [p < 0.001]. ROC analysis showed that BNP-48 >/= 95.0 pg/ml provided the optimal cutoff point for predicting mortality with AUC was less than 0.5, sensitivity 61% and specificity 32%. Perfusion index is a good prognostic factor of mortality and lactate clearance seems the most accurate predictor of mortality as well. Serum lactate is the least accurate predictor of mortality followed by brain natriuretic peptide

Combined spinal epidural anesthesia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing vascular surgery in the lower half of the body

Dilated cardiomyopathy [DCM] is characterized by ventricular dilatation and impaired systolic cardiac Junction. Anesthetic management, of patients with cardiomyopathy with reduced systolic Junction, is challenging and may be associated with high mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of combined spinal epidural anesthesia [CSEA] in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, underwent vascular surgery in the lower half of the body, in addition to assess the safety of this anesthetic technique in the early postoperative period. After approval by local research ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine, and informed written consent obtained from all patients, 24 patients having dilated cardiomyopathy, subjected to vascular surgery in the lower half of the body under CSEA. The effects of CSEA on hemodynamics; IBP, HR and CVP [measured at base line and then every 10 min], in addition to cardiac complications during the hospital stay period were studied. patients had significant decrease in MAP in all readings after the base line one with maximal decrease at 70 min [-14.7%], while HR increased significantly in all readings after the base line one except the last reading with maximal increase at 50 min [13.1%]. CVP showed insignificant changes in all readings except at 90 and 100 min which showed significant increase [p< 0.05]. Four patients developed ECG changes in the postoperative period, while no significant changes in EF. combined spinal epidural anesthesia [CSEA] may be an alternative to general anesthesia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing vascular surgery in the lower half of the body, as our patients had a largely im eventful postoperative recovery with good pain control

Buccoadhesive tablets for delivery of verapamil hci: design, in-vitro analysis and in-vivo evaluation

Buccoadhesive controlled release verapamil HCI tablets have been prepared using mucoadhesive polymers namely; sodium alginate [Na Alg], xanthan gum [XG] and gum tragacanth [GT] either alone or in combination in different ratios 2:8, 8:2, 4:6 and 6:4. The prepared tablets were evaluated for their weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability and dissolution, content uniformity, swelling index, in-vitro adhesion, in-vitro drug release and in-vivo hypertension study. Tablets containing XG showed the highest swelling index and bio adhesive force. The maximum cumulative% released [100%] was observed in F7, F10 and FJl due to high percent of Na alg. The kinetics studies show that the release follows zero order kinetics except Fl that it obeyes a diffusion model The buccoadhesive verapamil HCI tablet had suggested being promising for the transmucosal delivery of verapamil HCI and allowing a controlled drug delivery for 6 hrs

Functional outcome after swenson's operation for hirshsprung's disease

Hirschsprung's disease [HD] is one of the most common causes resulting in lower intestinal obstruction in children with atypical clinical symptoms and inconspicuous morphological findings by barium enema X-ray. Recently, this situation has been largely ameliorated by improvement of instrument for measurement of anorectal pressure. By now, anorectal manometry has been regarded as a routine means for functional assessment and diagnosis of HD. It is accurate in nearly all cases of HD with characteristic absence of rectoanal inhibitory reflex. Different surgical modalities of treatment are available and Swenson's operation is one of the surgical procedures done for HD. Anorectal manometric findings may change after Swenson's operation with improvement of rectoanal inhibitory reflex in some cases. We aimed to evaluate functional results after Swenson's operation for HD using anorectal manometry. Between 1996 and 2005, 52 patients were diagnosed with HD and operated upon by Swenson's operation in Gastroenterology Center, Mansoura University. There were 33 males [63.46%] and 19 females [36.54%] with a mean age of 3.29 +/- 1.6, [range 2-17 years]. Anorectal manometry and rectal muscle biopsy were done preoperatively for diagnosis but after operation anorectal manometry was done after every six months and then yearly. All of the 52 patients showed absent rectoanal inhibitory reflex on manometric study with relatively higher resting anal canal pressure and within normal squeeze pressure. Postoperatively, there were 35 continent patients [67.31%] with 11 patients [21.15%] showing minor incontinence and six [11.54%] with major incontinence. On the other side, there were five patients [9.62%] with persistent constipation after operation [three due to anal stricture and two due to residual aganglionosis]. Postoperative manometric study showed some improvement in anal sensation with the rectoanal inhibitory reflex becoming intact in six patients [11.54%] four years after operation. Anorectal manometry is a more reliable method for diagnosis of HD than barium enema X-ray but for final diagnosis, it is reasonable to combine anorectal manometry with tissue biopsy. Functional outcome after Swenson's operation for HD may improve in some patients complaining of incontinence or constipation. Anorectal manometry may show improvement of the parameters after Swenson's operation

Evaluation of the role of timolol 0.1% gel in myopic regression after laser in situ keratomileusis

To evaluate the efficacy of the concomitant administration of antiglaucoma medications namely timolol 0.1% gel in cases with myopic regression after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis [LASIK]. Prospective observational clinical trial. Ninty five eyes of 75 patients were included in this study prospectively. The mean myopic regression was-1.29 +/- 0.83 diopters [range-0.5 to-4.62] after myopic LASIK. The eyes were divided into two groups: 50 eyes administrated timolol 0.1% gel once daily for 12 months [treated group], and 45 eyes were age matched [control group]. We assessed the amounts of myopic regression in terms of changes in the refraction [spherical equivalent and astigmatism], intraocular pressure [IOP], pachymetry and the refractive power of the cornea measurements for all participants. The refractive error and visual acuity were similar between the two groups at baseline. The treated group had an improvement in spherical equivalent significantly from-1.29 +/- 0.83 to-0.94 +/- 1.07 diopters [P=0.012]. Astigmatism was changed from-0.94 +/- 0.53 to-0.86 +/- 0.60 diopters but this change was not statistically significant [P=0.20]. The IOP was decreased significantly from 12.6 +/- 1.9 to 9.0 +/- 1.1 mm Hg [P<0.001]. Central corneal thickness was changed from 425.6 +/- 19.86 to 429 +/- 18.1 micro m but not statistically significant [P=0.56]. The central corneal power decreased significantly from 37.2 +/- 1.8 to 36.4 +/- 1.3 diopters [P<0.05]. Timolol 0.1% gel was effective for reduction and improvement of myopic regression especially the spherical errors after myopic LASIK

Des-y-carboxy prothrombin as screening marker for patients with de novo hepatocellular carcinoma

To evaluate the predictability of estimation of serum Des-y-carboxyprothrombin [DCP] in cirrhotic and chronic hepatitis C [CHC] patients for the development of de novo hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] in comparison to alpha-fetoprotein [APP]. The study included 90 patients; 30 patients with CHC, 20 patients with HCC and 30 compensated cirrhotic patients and 10 controls. Patients with CRC and cirrhosis were followed up for de novo development of HCC by sonography and/or computed tomography [CT]. Blind liver biopsies were done and histopathological inflammatory activity and fibrosis stage of CHC and cirrhotic patients were evaluated according to Scheuer classification and HCC was also graded. For all patients and controls serum levels of DCP and alpha fetoprotein were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. Serum levels of AFP and DCP were significantly elevated in patients' groups compared to control group and in HCC patients compared to CRC and cirrhosis groups with significantly elevated levels in cirrhotic patients compared to CHC patients. There was a positive correlation between serum levels of both DCP and AFP and total Scheuer score in cirrhotic and CRC groups and HCC pathological grading. Regression analysis of serum levels of DCP and AFP defined DCP as the significant predictor for pathological grading of HCC and the combined use of both markers improved the predictability of AFP. Throughout follow-up period, 4 [13.3%] cirrhotic patients developed HCC. ROC curve analysis showed that estimation of serum DCP [AUC=0.892] was significantly more specific predictor for de novo HCC than AFP [AUCzO.608]. ROC analysis defined serum DCP and AFP levels at 38 mAU/ml and 16 ng/ml as cutoff point for prediction of de novo HCC with AUC=0.698 and 0.565, specificity rate of 887% and 73.6%. accuracy rate of 86.7% and 70%, and sensitivity rate of 71 .4% and 42.9%, respectively. Serum DCPin cirrhotic and CHC patients free of HCC could predict de novo development of HCC with higher specificity than AFP but diagnostic validity could be improved by estimation of both markers

Volatile compounds and antioxidant activity from cysteine/ribose and beef fat model system

This study was designed to examine the volatile compounds, antioxidant activity and safety evaluation of the reaction products between beef fat and triglycerides with cysteine and ribose model systems. Sixty nine and sixty three volatile compounds were isolated and identified in beef fat/cysteine/ ribose and beef triglyceride/cysteine/ribose model systems, respectively with the predominance of esters and sulfur-containing compounds. Sensory evaluation was also performed for the model systems according to ISA and the results revealed that the presence of volatiles having roasted meat-like aroma might be due to certain components such as pyrazine and thiazobes derivatives as the main compounds. The radical scavenging activity of the model systems was quantified spectrophotometrically, using DPPH radical and ?-carotene bleaching assays. Biological evaluation was also carried out to determine the safety of meaty flavor produced by studying the Maillard reaction products [MRPs] supplementation on body weight, relative organs weight, liver and kidney functions, as well as level of total antioxidant capacity as antioxidant biomarkers

Larvicidal activities of Cinnamomum osmophloeum and matricharia chamomella extracts against the filarial mosquito culexquinquefasciatus [diptera:culicidae] and their effects on its haemogram

The larvicidal activities of the bark essential oils of [Cinnamon] Cinnamomum osmophloeum and the leaf essential oil of [Chamomell] Matricharia chamomella were evaluated Culex quinquefasciatus in laboratory. The toxicity index, LC[50] values were 0.260 and 0.310 mg/L for Cinnamomum osmophloeum and Matricharia chamomella, respectively. Four types of haemocytes: prohaemocyte [Pr], Granulocytes [Gr], Plasmatocytes [Pl] and Oenocytoides [Oe] were determined, the present results show that cinnamon and chamomile oils significantly decreased the number of Pr, Gr and Pl and increased the number of Oe. Furthermore, the effect of tested plant oils on the haemocytees surface area were evaluated

Changes in the haemocytes of bombyx mori larvae [Lepidoptera: bombycidae] in relation to Escherichia coli and bacillus thuringensis infection

Injection of Bombyx mori fifth instar larvae with non- pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringeinsis affected in the total haemocyte count and changes in the different haemocyte population during bacterial infection. Cellular immunity responses of B. mori against bacteria and the hormonal regulation of immunity were also studied

Heterocycles from 2-Amino-4-[3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl]-Naphtho[2,1-b]-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile

The TITLE compound 1 was prepared and subjected to react with different electrophilic reagents such as phenyl isothiocyanate, benzoyl chloride, 2-cyanocinnamonitrile, ethoxymethylenediethyl- malonate, formamide and carbon disulphide to give the naphtha-pyranopyrimidine derivative 3, naphtha [2,1-b]-4H-pyran derivative 7-9, naphtha [2,1-b]-4H-pyranopyrimidine 10 and naphtha [2,1-b]-4H-pyrano-1,3-thiazine derivative 11, respectively. Treatment of 3 with ethyl bromoacetate and hydrazine hydrate afforded 4 and 5. The hydrazine derivative 5 reacted with benzoylacetone and yielded the pyrazole derivative 6. The IR, [1]H-NMR and Mass spectra of the synthesized compounds were discussed

utility of 6-amino-2-thiouracil for synthesis of bioactive sulfur and phosphorus heterocyclic derivatives

Interaction of 6-amino-2-thiouracil 1 with CS[2] in the presence of NaH produced the disodium salt 3. The formed salt reacted with benzoyl chloride and acetyl chloride to yield the dithioimidocarbonate 5 and the pyrimido[4,5-d]1,3-thiazine 7, respectively. Reaction of 3 with chloro-acetonitrile 8a or benzyl chloride 8b yielded the dithiocarbmate 11a,b. Fused pyrimidines 12a,b produced from the reaction of 3 with alkyl chloroacetate 8c,d. 6-[arylidene-amino]-2-thiouracil 13a,b reacted with tris[dimethylamino]phosphine to form the corresponding phosphono-betaines 15a,b. The structures of the newly prepared compounds were established with spectroscopic and micro-analytical data. The anti-bacterial activity of some products was also examined. All the tested compounds showed a considerable activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria

Effect of some insecticides on the haemolymph of desert locust Schistocerca gregaria forskal

The toxicity and the physiological effects of insecticides, chlorozan, marshal and deltamethnne and the alternative pesticides spinosad and proclaim on the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria were tested. The toxicity index, LC50 values after 24 hrs were 171.16, 44.29 and 410.05 ppm. for chlorozan, marshal and deltamethnne, respectively. Also the values of LC50 after 48 hrs were 425.58 and 101.58 ppm. for spinosad and proclaim, respectively. The effect of all tested insecticides, on the total and different haemocytes count of the 4[th] instar nymphs of Schistocerca gregaria were evaluated. The obtained results revealed that the total haemocyte counts were clearly affected by insecticides tested at LC50 values. Chlorozan and proclaim decreased the total haemocytes count [THCs] 50% compared to control. Also marshal and deltamethrine decreased the total haemocyte count by 35 and 18.3%, respectively. While spinosad showed a slight decreasing in the total haemocyte by 8.9% compared to control. Six different haemocyte types were identified as prohaemocytes [pr], granulocytes [gr], non-granulocytes [n-gr], plasmatocytes [pi], oenocytes [oe] and spherulocytes [sph] cells were monitored. In general, all the tested insecticides decreased the counts of all the haemocyte types. The application of spinosad increased the pr, pi, oe and sph. While it dercreased both n-gr. and gr. The toxicological profile of the tested pesticides described herein characterizes their effects on S. gregaria haemocyte types and the total haemocytes count [THCs] when compared with control. These results could be indicate a new proposed mode of action to those friendly environmental promising compounds

Antioxidants in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum

Hyperemesis gravidarum [HG] is relatively a syndrome of unknown cause, and is generally self-limiting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative status of those patients with HG, to compare those values with matched normal pregnant women and to evaluate the effect of vitamin E as an antioxidant on this syndrome. Measurement of serum vitamin E [vit E] by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography [HPLC], blood reduced glutathione [GSH] and plasma thiobarbituric acid [TBBA] were assayed by the chemical methods, serum zinc [Zn] was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and fasting plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha] by immunoenzymometric assay [EASIA]. They were assessed in normal healthy pregnant women [group I; n=15] and women who had positive obstetric history of hyperemesis in the previous pregnancies HG [group II; n=30]; they were recruited and counseled to commence the use of antiemetics as soon as they became aware of the present pregnancy, and no later than the beginning of symptoms. Women of HG group were further subdivided into 2 main groups; [the study group n=15] included pregnant patients who used antiemetics besides vitamin E capsules [HG-E group] and [the control group n=15] who were not supplemented with vitamin E [HG group]. Follow up of all pregnant women was done. The same measurements were re-evaluated in both hyperemetic groups when the symptoms had been improved. At the start of the study, serum vitamin E, serum Zn and blood GSH levels were significantly lower in hyperemesis gravidarum groups [n=30] when compared to NHP women [n=15], while both TBBA and TNF- were significantly higher. After the symptoms had been improved, blood GSH, serum Zn and serum vitamin E levels were significantly higher while TBBA, and TNF- alpha levels became significantly lower with vitamin E administration in HG-E [n=15]. Also, the signs and symptoms of nausea and vomiting rapidly improved and they required lesser period for hospitalization in HG-E group versus HG [the controls]; reflecting the significant decrease in oxidative stress among HG-E group. There were significantly inverse correlation between both serum zinc and vitamin E with TNF-alpha and TBBA, and significant positive correlations between serum vitamin E with serum zinc and GSH in HG-E group. Patients with HG are exposed to oxidative stress, which may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Supplementation with the antioxidant vitamin E could be considered in the treatment of HG and to he routinely administered in the early pregnancy

comparison between midazolam co-induction and propofol predosing for the induction of anaesthesia in the elderly

Co-induction is the administration of a small dose of a sedative or anaesthetic agent prior to induction of anaesthesia, the aim being to reduce the dose of induction agent required. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety and cardiovascular stability of low dose midazolam co-induction and propofol pre-dosing using propofol for induction of anaesthesia in elderly patients. In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we enrolled 60 patients aged 60 years or more with ASA between I and III attending for opthalmic surgery. The patients were allocated randomly to one of three groups, to receive either midazolam 0.02 mg.kg[-1], propofol 0.25 mg.kg[-1], or normal saline 2 ml [placebo] 2 min prior to induction of anaesthesia using propofol 1% infusion at 5 ml/min. The propofol dose requirements for induction were recorded for two end-points [loss of verbal contact [LOVC] and insertion of an oropharyngeal airway]. cardiovascular parameters, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were recorded at 1-min intervals for each patient until induction was complete. Intraocular pressure was recorded before and after induction. The time and the dose of propofol required to induce LOVC, jaw relaxation [JR] and insertion of Guedel oropharyngeal airway showed a statistically significant decrease in both the midazolam and the propofol groups, when compared to the saline group, [P<0.05]. There was a statistically significant decrease in the intraocular pressure after induction in the saline and the propofol groups, [P<0.05]. The haemodynamic parameters [bloodpressure [Systolic and diastolic] and heart rate] and the respiratory rate of patients in all groups showed a statistically significant decrease [P<0.05] from baseline reading however the comparison between the groups showed that decrease was non significant. The oxygen saturation of patients in all groups showed a significant increase from preoperative baseline reading [P<0.05]. Midazolam co-induction and propofol predosing reduce the dose of propofol [33.5%] and [10%] respectively and the time required for induction of anesthesia by propofol infusion in the elderly with no improvement of cardiovascular stability

Effect of Varroa destructor on different haemocyte count, total haemolymph protein on larvae, pupae and adults of Apis mellifera drones

The effect of infestation with Varroa destructor Oud. [Acarina: Varroidae] on the heamolymph of the different stages in honey bee drons were studied. It decreased the total haemocyte count [THC] by 47.4%, 13.04% and 65% for infested larvae, pupae and adults, respectively. Differential haemocyte count [DHC], haemocyte surface area, corpora allata surface area [CA] and total haemolymph protein [THP] were decreased also due to infestation with varroa mite

Serum soluble intracellular adhesion molecules-1 [sICAM-1] and AST/ALT ratio in chronic hepatitis C are significant predictors of the disease severity judged by liver biopsy

This study was conducted to investigate the serum levels of soluble Fas [sFas] antigen, soluble intracellular adhesion molecules-1 [sICAM-1] and interleukin-18 [IL-18] in patients with chronic hepatitis C and to correlate their levels with the severity of pathological findings judged by liver biopsy interpreted as Scheuer score. The study included 30 patients with chronic hepatitis C [Study group] infection persisting for longer than 6 months with HCV antibody positive and increased serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] values and 10 volunteers to donate blood samples as control group. After complete history taking and full clinical examination, all patients and controls gave a fasting blood sample for colorimetric estimation of serum aspartate transaminase [AST], ALT and total [TB] and direct [DB] bilirubin and for ELISA assays of serum sICAM-1, sFas and IL- 18 levels. Blind liver biopsies were done and histopathological inflammatory activity [grading, 0-4 scale] and fibrosis stage [0-4 scale] were assessed according to Scheuer classification. Pathological examination of Liver biopsy detected 21 chronic hepatitis specimens and 9 cirrhosis specimens with a significant [p<0.05] increase of Scheuer scores in patients with cirrhosis compared to patients with chronic hepatitis. Serum levels of AST and ALT were significantly [p<0.05] elevated in study compared to control group, with a non-significant [p>0.05] increase of AST/ALT ratio; however, serum AST levels and AST/ALT ratio were significantly [p<0.05] higher and serum ALT levels were non-significantly [p>0.05] higher in cirrhotic patients compared to those with chronic hepatitis. Serum sFas, sICAM-1 and IL-18 levels in study group were significantly [p<0.05] higher compared to controls levels with a significant [p<0.05] increase of sICAM-1 levels and non-significant [p>0.05] increase of sFas and IL-18 levels in cirrhotic patients compared to patients with chronic hepatitis. There was a positive significant correlation between the mean Scheuer necroinflammatory score and serum levels of ALT, sICAM-1 and AST/ALT ratio and between the mean Scheuer fibrosis score and serum levels of ALT, sFas, sICAM-1 and IL-18 and AST/ALT ratio. Logistic regression analysis showed that AST/ALT ratio [beta=0.679, p<0.001] and serum levels of sICAM-1, [beta=0.327, p=0.005] are the most significant predictors of disease severity. It could be concluded that serum levels of sICAM-1, sFas and IL- 18 and AST/ ALT ratio are closely correlated with histopathological results of liver biopsy and thus their elevated levels could be considered pathognomonic markers suggesting the severity of chronic hepatitis C

Different modalities of treatment of varicose ulcers in post phlebitic limbs

In this study, 60 cases of post phlebitic limb suffering from venous ulceration were randomly chosen and the three common modalities of treatment of the ulceration were compared. A comparison was done between the results of the three treatment modalities as regards hospital stay, post treatment complications, type and duration of wound healing and progress of the ulcer and recurrence. The cases were reviewed after one month, six months and one year and the results were compared in an attempt to reach the best policy to deal with this condition that would significantly reduce the misery of ulceration and would reduce the considerable costs of medical treatment for the patients as well as health authorities

Assessment of the role of blood group systems and three DNA loci [ALU TPA-25, Humfes / Fps and HuMf 13A1] in paternity testing in a sample of Egyptian population

A panel of 10 genetic markers has been applied for paternity testing in 51 Egyptian families. The panel included 7 blood group system [ABO, Rh, MNSs, Duffy, Lewis, Kell, and Kidd], and 3 DNA loci [Alu RPA - 25, HUMFES / FPS, and HUMF13A1]. The trio in each family consisted of the mother, the child, and the legal or alleged father. The families were studied as 3 groups of statistical significance: The 1st 40th family group in which paternity of legal fathers was tested despite the lack of any suspicion of paternity dispute [expected low probability of disputed paternity], the 41st - 51st family group in which paternity of legal fathers was tested due to strong suspicion paternity dispute [expected higher probability of disputed paternity], and the 1st - 51st family group in which paternity of 10 known foreign men [to represent alleged father with 100% true paternity dispute] was randomly tested in the 51 families of the study. The study included determination of blood groups by the agglutination method, and analysis of DNA loci by aggarose gel electrophoresis after DNA extraction and amplification by polymerase chain reation. Exclusion of paternity was concluded from the knowledge of modes of inheritance of the study markers, and probability of paternity [inclusion of paternity] was calculated from the studied gene freqencies after gene typing of the study population. Results of the study showed that the DNA loci were better than blood group systems in exclusion and inclusion of paternity, though both failed to exclude all the alleged fathers or to give reliable values of probability of paternity. The Lewis, Kell, and Kidd blood groups were nearly of no value in paternity testing whereas the polymorphic DNA loci [HUMFES / FPS and HUMF13A1] provided the best result. Some true disputed fathers were excluded by single markers only, raising the importance of such exclusion which should be considered seriously and cautiously and cautiously. Its reliabilityy should be scrutinized, abd it may be necessary to examine more markers. It has been concluded that the study panel of 10 genetic markers was not adequate in excluding or proving paternity for all test cases, and that the polymorphic markers provide better results in paternity testing. In a certain population, paternity testing should rely upon adequate number of the most valuable genetic markers, and regulatory rules regarding reliable paternity exclusion or inclusion or inclusion parameters are mandatory, as well as strict application of quality control parameters to the concerned laboratories