Geochemical application of alkane and triterpane biomarkers to a description of crude oils from Egypt

Two Egyptian crude oil samples from the Western Desert [Alamein] and Gulf of Suez [Badran] were characterized by geochemical application of alkane and triterpane biological markers. Saturated hydrocarbon fractions obtained by medium pressure liquid chromatographic [MPLC] separation of the oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results indicated the presence of several homologous series. Normal alkanes [C8-C40] were the major constituent series while, acyclic isoprenoids [C13-C20, except C17], monomethyl-branched alkanes [mainly 2- and 3-methylalkanes], cyclic alkanes and hopanes were the minor constituent series. The results show that the oils were derived from a similar source materials i.e. terrigenous organic matter. The high pristine/phytane ratios suggest the likely prevalence of highly oxic depositional environments. Maturity related parameters based on CPI, EOP, C30 beta alpha/alpha beta and C31 22S/[22S + 22R] were almost identical

Biological markers in crude oils from Egypt

The main aim of this study was to investigate source -and maturity- dependent trends of a number of biomarker parameters in two Egyptian crude oil samples from Alamein and Badran oil-fields. The aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions were examined by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In all fractions, there is a high relative abundance of components of higher-plant origin. Molecular maturity measurements indicated that both oils are at an advanced level of thermal maturity and many ratios, such as CPI, C30 alpha beta/alpha beta + beta alpha hopanes, C31 22S/22S + 22R hopanes, C29 alpha alpha alpha-20S/20S + 20 R steranes, C29 alpha beta beta/ alpha beta beta + alpha alpha alpha steranes and methylphenanthrene index [MPI 1] have reached their thermal equilibrium values. Changes in the two trisnorhopane [Ts/Tm] ratio. However, showed a more advanced level of thermal maturity for Alamein oil and correlated well with trends of organic sulfur compound ratios and aromatic steroid cracking ratios

Thermodynamics of the dissociation of protonated tris [hydroxymethyl] aminomethane in water-2-ethoxyethanol mixture

Electromotive-force methods and cells without liquid junction have been utilized to determine the acidic dissociation constant of protonated tris [hydroxymethyl] aminomethane in aqueous 2- ethoxyethanol mixture at five temperatures in the range 25 to 45degree. The change of the dissociation constant with temperature has been used to calculate the change of Gibbs free energy entropy and enthalpy when the dissociation takes place in the standard state. Comparison with earlier work on various water-organic solvent systems shows that the characteristic minimum observed in the delta degree [BH + B]sys -composition profile is much more pronounced in the water -2- ethoxyethanol solvent. It is shown that electrostatic considerations alone are unable to explain the solvent effect on the dissociation energy, and that solute -solvent interactions play the primary role in the dissociation process

Identification of 30- [2'-methylenethienyl] -hopane isomers in sediments

Two 30-[2'-methylenethienyl]-hopane isomers [based on the alpha-beta and beta beta configurations] have been identified in S-rich immature sediments from the Nordlinger Ries [southern Germany] in the aromatic hydrocarbon fractions separated from the total extractable lipids. The identification was used on chromatographic and mass spectral data and confirmed by carbon skeleton determination by desulfurization using Raney Ni. The results provide further evidence of the widespread occurrence of thienyl hopanes in immature sediments. These compounds are presumed to originate from the incorporation of sulfur into a C35 bactriohopanetetrol present in bacterial membranes during the early stages of diagenesis

Sulfur aromatic compounds in crude oils from Egypt

Sulfur is usually the most abundant hetero element in petroleum and is also common in other types of fossil organic matter[1] Most of the sulfur present in crude oils, bitumens and kerogens is organically-bound sulfur, i.e. bound to carbon; hydrogen sulphide and elemental sulfur dissolved in crude oils usually are a very minor portion of the total sulfur[2]- Organically-bound sulfur in crude oils is mainly present in medium [as single compounds] and heavy fractions [as part of complex molecules; i.e. asphaltenes and resins]. Sulfur compounds have been and are of interest to the petroleum industry for four major reasons. [1] 1] Organic sulfur compounds [OSC] can cause problems during processing of petroleum i.e. they poison catalysts and cause corrosion to metal vessels and pipelines; 2] they impart undesirable characteristics to the products derived from the crude oils; 3] sulfur dioxide is produced during combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, which causes global environmental problems, .e.g. acid rain problem; and 4] its geochemical significance i.e. in providing information on the origin and composition and the geochemical and geological history of petroleum. [3] To solve, systematically, the problem of removing the sulfur compounds from petroleum or its products, or to render these compounds harmless, a knowledge of the type, structure, and chemical nature of the compounds present is desirable. Therefore, a systematic characterization of the sulfur compounds in crude oils has both theoretical and practical value. The identification of OSC started in the nineteenth century with the identification of ten alkyl sulfides in Ohio crude oil [4] and thiophene in Gromy crude oil. [5]Ever since, the number and structural complexity of OSC identified has increased significantly, as comprehensively reviewed by Gal'pern, [6-8] Orr, [2] Thompson, [9] Aksenov and Kamayanov,[10] Orr and Sinninghe Damste [11] and Sinninghe Damste and de Leeuw[3] Thiophene derivatives [benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, and naphthbenzothiophenes] are known to be one of the most important petroleum sulfur compound types, constituting 45-84 percent of sulfur compounds in middle and high boiling fractions[10] In previous work[12], the distribution of paraffins, triterpenoidal alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons in Alamein and Badran crude oil samples from Egypt have been studied. The results indicated that the oils were sourced from type II/III kerogens with preponderant terrestrial components. Further, the triterpane maturityindicator based on the ratio of the two trisnorhopanes [T[s] / T[m]] showed that alamein oil has a more advanced level of thermal maturity. In continuation of the study, the present paper reports on the occurrence and distribution of thiophenic compounds in the same oil samples. An evaluation of the distribution patterns of these compounds as maturity indicators is also presented

dissociation constant of o- and m-nitroanilinium ions in water-2-methoxyethanol solvents at 25°C

The dissociation constant of the isodielectric dissociation of o- nitroanilinium ion and m-nitroanilinium ion has been determined at 25C in 2-methoxyethanol-water solvents by spectrophotometric measurements. Study of the solvent effect on the dissociation behavior of these acids [delta Gt = 2.303RT [p[sK]BH+ -p[sK]BH+] indicated a characteristic minimum with the change in the solvent composition. The results were compared with those of p-nitroanilinium ion in the same mixed solvents and with other water-organic solvents systems for which comparable data are available. The acidity function Ho of HCl in these mixed solvents was determined

Solvent effects on the thermodynamics of transfer of tris [hydroxymethyl] aminomethane in water-2-ethoxyethanol-mixtures

The solubilities of the base tris [hydroxymethyl] aminomethane have been measured in water-2-ethoxyethanol [ECS] mixtures containing from 0-80 wt.% of ECS as a function of temperature. The usual associated thermodynamic functions were calculated from the results. The effect of added solvent on the st and ard Gibbs energies of base transfer, delta Gt[B] was compared with that of other aqueous organic solvent systems, for which comparable data were available. The solvent effects have been discussed in terms of the st and ard Gibbs energy of base transfer [B] from water to the mixed solvent, delta Gt[B], and the relative values of the st and ard Gibbs energies of HCl transfer, delta Gt[HCl] and of B.HCl, delta Gt[B.HCl] in this solvent system