Résumé
Background: E-cigarettes was described as battery-operated products designed to deliver nicotine. Its use is rapidly increasing worldwide specially among youth owing to marketing and media which play a major important role in making people believe that smoking vape is less harmful than the tobacco cigarettes. However, chemical analysis of e-cigarettes juices has shown that many carcinogens present in cigarette smoke are also found in a range of e-cigarette products. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the awareness and the attitude toward the risk of smoking e-cigarettes vape among smokers in Saudi Arabia
Method: this cross-sectional study involved 1404 individual living in Saudi Arabia. Adult smoker participants involved in this study were in the age range 18-60 years old. A self-administrated web-based questionnaire that include questions about smoking e-cigarettes vape was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0
Result: our sample study involved 95% males and 5% females. 68.9% were using e-cigarette, with 58.7% admit to use it daily. 31.1% had never experienced vaping. Those who thought that vaping is absolutely safe represented 13.7% of our sample study. While 67.5% regarded it dangerous
Conclusion: there was a high degree of awareness among Saudis about e-cigarettes and vaping, which highlights the importance of health programmes as well as media targeting youth and the government role toward the Saudis health
Résumé
Background: Anterior cruciate ligament is the most common knee ligament injury, and they are associated with several long term clinical consequences such as chondral lesions, meniscal tears, and early onset osteoarthritis. The injury can occur with direct contact or without as well. The diagnosis is made with history, special physical examination tests, and using imaging with MRI
Aim of the work: this study was aimed to understand the mechanism behind anterior cruciate ligament injury, its diagnosis, and methods of management
Methodology: we conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE from January 1971 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: Anterior cruciate ligament anatomy, knee ligament injury mechanism, diagnosis of knee ligament injury, management of anterior cruciate ligament injury
Conclusion: Anterior cruciate ligament injury is a very common injury and requires quick diagnosis to control pain, further deterioration, and avoid long term morbidity. Management includes from conservative to surgical repair and reconstruction