Prevalence and determinant factors of osteoarthritis of the knee joint among elderly in arar, ksa

Background: Osteoarthritis of the knee, the disease of knee joint dysfunction and pain caused by joint degeneration, it is the commonest joint disease. In most cases of joint degeneration there is no clear identifiable cause, but increasing age, excessive joint loading, and joint abnormalities and trauma increase the risk of OA. It has significant effects on human health and quality of life [QoL]

Objective: This study was carried out aimed to determine the prevalence and determinant factors of osteoarthritis of the knee among elderly population in Arar, KSA. Methods: The present cross sectional community based study was conducted in Arar city, the capital of Northern Borders Governorate on 238 elderly people of age 60 years and more. Data was collected through personal interviews with the sampled population and filling a predesigned questionnaire. It included questions regarding the already previously diagnosed osteoarthritis of the knee joint and its determinants

Results: the mean age [+/- SD] was 70.4 [+/- 9.3] years, male to female ratio was 48.3 to 51.7. The overall prevalence rate of osteoarthritis of the knee joint was 24.5%.Osteoarthritis was almost equal in females and males [26.8% and 26.1%, respectively], it was insignificantly associated with increasing age, female sex, hypertension and diabetes [P>0.05], while significantly associated with the BMI

Conclusion: Osteoarthritis of the knee joint is common among elderly population in Arar, KSA. It was almost equal in females and males

Normalised MRI Volumetry of the Hippocampus among Normal Malay Children and Adolescents

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive method for determining brain morphology and volumetry. Hippocampal volume changes are observed in conjunction with several diseases. This study aimed to determine the normalised volume of the hippocampus in normal Malay children and adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed from January 2009 to June 2010. Brain and temporal lobe MRI was performed for 81 healthy normal Malay individuals aged 7–18 years. Manual volumetry was performed. The hippocampal volumes were normalised with the total intracranial volume. Results: The original right, left, and total hippocampal volumes (mean and standard deviation) were 3.05 (0.48) cm3, 2.89 (0.44) cm3, and 5.94 (0.90) cm3, respectively. Normalised hippocampal volumes for the right, left, and total volume were 3.05 (0.41) cm3, 2.89 (0.41) cm3, and 5.94 (0.79) cm3, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the right and left hippocampal volumes with intracranial volume were 0.514 and 0.413, respectively (P < 0.001). Both the original and normalised hippocampal volumes of the right hippocampus were significantly larger than those of the left (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This is a data set for the local Malay paediatric population. There was no significant difference between the actual and normalised values of hippocampal volume in our study.

Evaluation of different teaching methods on the student's skill performance in measuring blood pressure for 2[nd] year nursing students at King Abdul Aziz University

Blood pressure measurement is an important clinical nursing skill however, errors in measuring blood pressure occur often. The aim of this study was to evaluate different teaching methods on blood pressure measurement skill performance and to identify the effect of different teaching methods on the acquired skills after 3 months period. The study conducted at King Abdul Aziz University. Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Nursing Department. The students were divided into 3 groups three different methods of teaching were used. Video were used in group [A] Demonstration were used in group B and both of this methods were used for group C. The results of this study revealed that in the first assessment, after immediate evaluation there was a significant difference between group A and B and between A and C. During late evaluation it showed that demonstration was the best between the three groups. This study recommended that demonstration learning during clinical placement is still considered the best method for teaching the undergraduate students

Double aneuploidy: down syndrome associated with klinefelter syndrome

The occurrence of double aneuploidy, i.e., the existence of two meiotic non-disjunction events is relatively rare. Although the association between double autosomal trisomy, such as trisomy 21 and 18 is extremely unusual, rare cases of combination between Down syndrome and gonosomal trisomy have been reported. We report the case of an Indian boy with Down and Klinefelter syndrome. The patient's condition resulted from de novo trisomy-21 with extra X-chromosome [48, XXY, +21]. He was born normally with birth weight, length and head circumference of 2590 gram, 45 cm and 31 cm respectively. The age of the mother was 31 years and father was 32 years at the time of delivery. He had dysmorphic features of Down syndrome with an imperforated anus, severe mental retardation, small phallus and bilateral undescended testicles but no congenital heart disease. The weight and height were on the 3rd centile while the head circumference was below the third centile. The patient developed hypothyroidism by the age of six years and was maintained on L-thyroxin. Testosterone level was pre-pubertal and failed to rise after human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG] stimulation test

Cervical cancer prevention in Bahrain: Review

Cervical cancer is estimated as the second most common cause of death worldwide from cancer in women. Approximately 650 women die from this cancer every day; half-million are diagnosed each year. Until recently, the few available reports on the prevalence of cancer from the Arabian Gulf Council States [GCC] were suggestive that the incidence of uterine cancer in general was less common compared with those reported from western country. Cancer registries in the GCC States in the last five years indicate that uterine cancer has moved to the third on the list of leading causes of cancer in the region. Among a population of 1,025, 000 in the kingdom of Bahrain, it is estimated that 10-15 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year [2001-2007], and approximately 4-6 deaths from this disease per annum. There is an evidence of a gradual increase in the incidence of cervical cancer compared with the figures two decades ago. The ratio of endometrial compared with cervical cancer was 1:2 but the two incidences are presently reversed. Cytology screening for uterine cancer was started in Bahrain in 1971, which soon was integrated in postnatal and in gynecological clinics. Recently successful program of public health screening was introduced against breast cancer in Bahrain; it is imperative that a similar program of national screening against uterine and cervical cancer combined with a national campaign for immunization of adolescent girls against human papilloma virus be integrated in the program and thus reducing the mortality from these two leading causes of cancer death among women. In this article a review of definitions, prevalence and history of cervical cytology service in Bahrain will be presented. Contemporary concepts of cervical cytology, new standard of care and current practice guidelines in screening and prevention will be reviewed. Finally, a discussion on the ways and means of improving the existing cytology and prevention programs in Bahrain will be discussed

Historical background and review of drugs and methods used for induction of ovulation. Part 1

Infertility is distressing life crises for many couples. Of the 15% of childless couples around the world approximately 15-25% is due to ovulating disturbances. Ovulation induction [01] therefore strives to redress ovulation problems by replicating the natural physiology of the cyclic ovarian function, with the goal of achieving ovulation of single or more mature follicles. Since the first ever successful induction of ovulation using extract of human cadaver pituitary glands in 1958, there have been substantial advances in the management of anovulatory infertility and an improved insight into the physiology of the micro environments of ovulation. Progressively, the need for new and effective methods for ovulation induction became more intense particularly with the introduction of In Vitro Fertilization procedures in clinical practice. During the last five decades, a large inventory of hormonal therapies for 01 and many management protocols have been presented, but more importantly was the new understanding of the varieties of ovarian dysfunctions and the pathophysiology of ovulation failure. The objective of this mini review article is to inform the readers about the current practical approaches in management of ovulation induction addressing the costs, risks, and critical evaluation of their effectiveness

Chronic non puerperal inversion of uterus

Inversion of the uterus is a rare clinical problem. It occurs either as an obstetric emergency or as a gynecological complication where it is a diagnostic challenge. A rare case of non- puerperal inversion, caused by fundal leiomyoma, was encountered in a-59- year old woman resulting in severe vaginal bleeding. It was thought initially to be a large pedunculated fibroid polyp, but it was discovered to be associated with inversion during surgery. She was treated with total hysterectomy using an abdominal and vaginal approach

Alloimmune cytopenia part I hemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn [HDFN]

One of the most dramatic advances of modern medicine has been the discovery and development of diagnostic methods, treatment and prophylaxis of hemolytic disease of the fetus and the newbom [HDFN]. In a few decades, the field has progressed from a complete lack of understanding of the condition to a detailed grasp and understanding of the molecular and immunological bases of the disease. These advances have in turn culminated in the development of prophylaxis and the near total elimination of its morbidity. In this review, we shall briefly cover the history and progress of developments of this condition and presents the new concepts in the classification and nomenclature of alloimmune cytopenia of pregnancy. We will also provide a short account on advances in the pathophysiology, treatment and prevention of this condition. A review of developments in management will be discussed together with highlights of health care issues of women with alloimmune cytopenia

Alloimmune cytopenia: part II ; alloimmune thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Feto-maternal alloinmmune thrombocytopenia and neutropenia occurs when the mother produces antibodies against a platelet or a neutrophil alloantigen that the fetus has inherited from the father. As a result, there is destruction of the fetal platelets or the neutrophil according to the condition and result in a reduction in their numbers. Reduction in the platelets can cause intrauterine fetal bleeding or bleeding after birth. In severe cases, this bleeding may lead to long lasting disabilities. In the case of neonatal neutropenia the reduction of the neutrophils will increase the susceptibility to serious infectious. Current advances in management attempts at the prevention of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in the fetus. This includes administration of intravenous immunoglobulin corticosteroids, or intrauterine transfusion of antigen-compatible platelets or neutrophils to the fetus. The management is costly and requires specialized labs and skilled perinatal and neonatal care

Peptic pharyngitis

Reflux oesophagitis [RE] is a common gastrointestinal disorder. This disease may present with local or remote [extra-oesophageal] manifestations of which pharyngitis i.e. peptic pharyngitis [PP] is a rarely recognized and an underestimated phenomenon. In this study we present our experience with 12 patients, with this disorder, diagnosed over a period of one year. Seven patients were males and 5 were females. Their age range was 35-48 years. Two patients had the diagnosis of peptic disease already confirmed prior to examination while the other 10 were unaware of the RE