Résumé
Monthly collections were made using two traps 5 m apart exposed for 48h, containing sardines and installed at points: A at the edge (500 m from the entrance of the Reserve); B 1200 m from the entrance and 1000 m inside the forest; and C 1700 m from the entrance and 500 m inside the forest. The purpose was to evaluate the abundance and richness of calliphorid species as a function of the environmental conditions using Pearson's correlation, compare the richness of the areas using ANOVA and Tukey's test, compare the abundances of the areas by the Kruskal-Wallis test, and also assess the possible influence of the anthropic presence. Rare, intermediary and common species were identified. The collection totalized 8515 Calliphoridae belonging to 26 species, with a predominance of females. None of the 13 species considered common presented a correlation between abundance and temperature: only Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) and Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) were correlated with humidity and only Mesembrinella semihyalina Mello with precipitation. This parameter was the only climatic variable correlated with richness. The greatest abundance and richness of calliphorids occurred in September 2006. From the 13 common species, seven were considered synanthropic, indicating the effect of anthropic action in this site.
Sujets)
Animaux , Diptera , Brésil , Climat , Dynamique des populations , ArbresRésumé
O presente estudo investiga a fauna de califorídeos na Reserva Biológica do Tinguá usando como meios os índices faunísticos. Realizaram-se coletas mensais com armadilhas contendo sardinha expostas por 48 horas, nos pontos: A- borda da mata; B- 1000 metros para interior da mata; C- 500 metros para interior da mata. Objetivou-se estudar a entomofauna califorídica em ambiente florestal através de índices faunísticos. Foram coletadas 26 espécies de califorídeos ao longo do experimento. Definiram-se espécies Singletons, Doubletons, Uniques e Duplicates, intermediárias e comuns; calcularam-se riqueza e projeção da riqueza (estimadores Chao 1 e 2, Jackknife 1 e 2, Ace, Ice e Bootstrap); diversidade (Índice Shannon-Wiener); equidade (Índice Pielou) e similaridade dos pontos (quociente Sorensen e porcentagem de similaridade Southwood). Os pontos A e B mostraram o mesmo número de espécies de califorídeos (23), maior que C (16), diferindo apenas nas espécies raras, intermediárias e comuns. Em A foi registrado grande número de espécies consideradas intermediárias. Em B o número de espécies raras, intermediárias e comuns foi similar. Em C, o número de espécies raras foi menor que de intermediárias e comuns. Jackknife 2 no ponto B gerou a maior riqueza, indicando possibilidade de serem coletadas mais cinco espécies na reserva além das coletadas neste estudo, e em A e C mais três espécies. Ace e Bootstrap apresentaram-se seguros para estimativa de riqueza de Calliphoridae. A diversidade foi maior em B. A equidade foi semelhante nos pontos. B e C foram mais semelhantes em relação às espécies (dendograma): Laneela nigripes e Mesembrinella bellardiana, principais destes dois pontos aparecem agrupadas; Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala e Hemilucilia semidiaphana, principais espécies em A aparecem unidas.
The present study investigates the calliphorid fauna in the Biological Reserve of Tinguá using faunistic indices. Monthly samplings were carried out using traps containing sardines that were exposed for 48 hours at the sites: A, at the border of the forest; B, 1,000 m towards the interior of the forest; and C, 500 m towards the interior of the forest. The objective was to study the Calliphoridae fauna in forest environments using faunal indices. During the course of the experiment, 26 calliphorid species were collected. The species Singletons, Doubletons, Uniques, Duplicates, intermediate and common were defined. Richness and richness estimation (estimators Chao 1 and 2, Jackknife 1 and 2, Ace, Ice and Bootstrap), diversity (Shannon-Wiener index), evenness (Pielou's index), and similarity of the sites (using the Sorensen coefficient and the Southwood percent similarity) were calculated. Sites A and B had the same number of species of Calliphoridae (23), representing a greater richness than site C (16). The sites differed only in their rare, intermediate and common species composition. The greatest number of intermediate species was found at A. At B, the numbers of rare, intermediate and common species were similar. At C, there were fewer rare species than intermediate and common ones. Jackknife 2 at site B produced a higher value, however, indicating that it was possible to collect five other species in the reserve and three more species at A and C. Diversity was greatest at B, but evenness was similar at the sites. B and C showed a greater level of similarity in species composition (dendogram); L. nigripes and Mesembrinella bellardiana, which are the most important species at these two sites, appeared grouped together. Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala and Hemilucilia semidiaphana, the main species at Site A, also appear together.
Résumé
The aim of this study was to verify the duration of the development period, number of parasitoids produced per pupa, parasitism rate and sex ratio of Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), when they were exposed to a single host: Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera, Calliphoridae). One pupa was exposed in glass tubes to different numbers of female parasitoids (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11) during 48 h. Twenty replications/treatment were used, under controlled conditions (T= 27 °C day/ 25 °C night, 60 ± 10 percent RH). Statistical analysis of the data was made using the ANOVA test and the "a posteriori" comparisons were made using the Tukey-HSD test (both tests with a significance level of 5 percent). The duration of the development period was longer in treatments where a higher density of females per host was used. When five females per host were used, the mean number of parasitoids that emerged per pupa was higher. The data showed a tendency to a decrease in the amount of parasitoids emerged per host, especially of female, when used high quantities of female per host. Higher parasitism rates were observed in the 3:1 and 5:1 treatments and an increase in the percentage of unviable pupae was observed, probably due to an increase of female densities in the treatments, possibly a consequence of superparasitism.
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a duração do período de desenvolvimento, número de parasitóides produzidos por pupa, a taxa de parasitismo e a razão sexual de Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), quando submetidas ao hospedeiro Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Uma pupa foi exposta, em tubos de ensaio, a diferentes quantidades de fêmeas parasitóides (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 e 11) por um período de 48 h. Foram realizadas 20 réplicas/ tratamento, sob condições controladas (T= 27 °C dia/ 25 °C noite, 60 ± 10 por cento UR). Foi utilizado ANOVA e teste Tukey-HSD para comparações posteriores (ambos com nível de significância 5 por cento). Foi observado um desenvolvimento mais lento nos tratamentos que utilizaram elevadas quantidades de fêmeas por hospedeiro. Quando utilizadas cinco fêmeas por hospedeiro, a média de parasitóides por pupa foi maior. Os dados mostraram que houve uma tendência para o decréscimo de parasitóides, especialmente de fêmeas, quando utilizadas elevadas quantidade de fêmeas por hospedeiro. As maiores taxas de parasitismo foram verificadas nos tratamentos 3:1 e 5:1, e foi observado um aumento na porcentagem de pupas inviáveis com a utilização de quantidades mais elevadas de fêmeas parasitóides por hospedeiro. Possivelmente causado pelo superparasitismo.
Résumé
Avaliaram-se três metodologias para analisar a atratividade de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) a cores (vermelho, verde, preto, branco, azul e verde) utilizando aparatos em forma de arena, leque e retângulo. Realizaram-se 7 a 15 repetições/10 insetos, exceto no 1º experimento da arena (1 inseto/repetição). No 1º experimento-arena, adultos diferiram significativamente no 2º pouso (verde>vermelha) e 3º (vermelho>verde e preto). Nos machos diferiram significativamente preto>vermelho. No 2º experimento-arena diferença apenas para machos. No leque, amarelo e azul para machos e vermelho para fêmeas. No retangular, não houve diferença significativa. Ocorreram atratividades variadas devido influências externas e comportamentais dos dípteros.
Three methodologies evaluated the attractiveness of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) to colors (red, green, black, white, blue and green) using arena, fan and rectangle-shaped devices. Seven to 15 repetitions/10 insects were carried out, except for the arena trial (1 insect/repetition). In the first arena trial, adults showed significant differences in the second (green>red) and third landings (red>green and black). In males black>red were significantly different. In the second arena trial, only males did. In the fan trial, yellow and blue were significantly different for males, and red for females. In the rectangular trial, no significant difference was observed. Varied attractiveness occurred due to external and behavioral influences in dipterans.