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Introduction: Recently Liver enzymes have gained popularityamong researchers regarding their potential role in the fieldof diagnosis of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetesand cardiovascular diseases. Studies done in past havedocumented the presence of GGT in atheromatous plaquesof established cases of coronary artery diseases. Also GGTlevels are put to assess the prognosis of patients suffering fromcardiovascular events like myocardial infarction, stroke, etc.Scientific community lacks sufficient data on levels of GGT atthe stage of primordial and primary prevention. The study wasconducted with an aim to establish an association betweenGGT levels and metabolic syndrome in subjects havingnormal liver function. Also, the study has evaluated the role ofGGT as a diagnostic biomarker of metabolic syndrome.Material and methods: In the present study, 120 subjects wereenrolled out of which 60 were having metabolic syndrome and60 were normal individuals. We have measured the levels ofGGT in subjects of metabolic syndrome and compared themwith normal individuals.All the subjects enrolled in the studyhad normal liver function test.Results: We found a significant difference in levels of SerumGGT in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (p-value<0.001).On ROC analysis, Among other liver enzymes, GGTshowed the maximum area under the curve, and a sensitivityof 61.1%, a specificity of 69.8% in the diagnosis of metabolicsyndrome.Conclusion: Liver enzymes assay is simple yet sensitiveand cheap test to diagnose the cases of Metabolic Syndrome,more than that their role in development and progression ofatherosclerosis, make GGT, a potential biomarker for riskstratification of subjects for cardiovascular diseases.
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Gender differences are increasingly recognized in cardiology. It is also well known that women have higher complications and a higher mortality related to coronary procedures. In arrhythmias, gender-specific variations in the electrophysiological structure of the heart or hormonal effects may explain some of the gender differences. The aim of this study was to evaluate gender differences according to their risk factors, indications and modes of pacing. A total of 267 patients who had pacemaker implantation for bradyarrhythmia indications were enrolled in our study. A pre-designed questionnaire was filled to record their baseline characteristics, clinical indications and mode of pacing. Out of 267 patients 190 were male and 77 were female. Data was analyzed with SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) The pacemaker implantation requirement was 31% significantly lower among males compared with females who were hypertensive (RR=0.69, 95%CI=0.58-0.82, p=0.0001) and 1.57 times (RR=1.57, 95%CI=1.32-1.87, p=0.0001) significantly higher among male patients than females who were the tobacco user in any form. The single chamber requirement was 1.41 times significantly (RR=1.41, 95%CI=1.16-1.71, p=0.0001) higher in males than females. The risk analysis showed that complete heart blockage (p= 0.02) and sick sinus syndrome (p= 0.01) were significantly higher in males as compared with females. In conclusion male patients had more CHB, sick sinus syndrome and syncope as primary pacemaker indication, compared with female patients. Smoking was the most prominent risk factor in male and hypertension in female and most importantly there were significant gender differences in indications leading to pacing.
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The aim of this study was to examine the allele and genotype of APOA5 -1131T/C (rs662799) and APOA5-56C/G (rs3135506) gene in acute myocardial (AMI) case and control subjects. 304 case and 304 controls were enrolled in this study. DNA was extracted using salting out method followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction endonuclease digestion (using MseI for -1131T/C and Taq1 for -56C/G). Digested PCR products were identified using agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide. There was a strong association between APOA5 -1131T/C (TC vs. TT, OR= 1.58 and CC vs. TT OR= 2.43) and APOA5 -56C/G (CG vs. CC, OR= 1.64 and GG vs. CC, OR= 2.44) polymorphisms with AMI. Out of the six potential risk factors for coronary artery disease, only smoking, diabetes and hypertension were found to be associated with APOA5 gene and increased the risk of AMI. Smoking was the most prominent risk factor for both the genes. Other risk factors like history of dyslipidemia, obesity and family history of coronary artery disease did not reveal any potential association with the candidate gene. Our data demonstrate that both the SNPs in the APOA5 gene (-1131T/C, and -56C/G) were strongly associated with AMI in north Indian population.
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Dr. Wahid Ali has spent a long and useful life, almost two decades of which were dedicated to public service. This book is a further contribution to that life of public service in that it gives a detailed account of the symptoms and effects of Guillain-Barre Syndrome, a disease which so few of us know about. This account is also, sadly, a reflection of the inadequacy of health care in our society. That Dr. Ali was able to emerge alive and well after the attack seems surely the result of his position in the society, and his ability to afford health care at the best institutions. He makes constant reference to this inequality. This autobiography demonstrates quite clearly the close link between the spirit and the physical being. It shows how positive thinking can affect the physical well-being of our human persons. The book recommends itself as a serious reflection of the condition of our lives in this place as we seek to create a new culture out of the diverse elements of this New World (Dr. Brinsley Samaroo-back cover)