Types, accuracy, and efficacy of salivary biomarkers in periodontal diagnosis

Periodontal diseases primarily occur due, to infections and inflammation that affect the gums and bone structures supporting the teeth. In the stage, known as gingivitis the gums may become swollen turn red and bleed easily. These health issues not impact health but also have broader implications for overall well-being, including tooth loss, discomfort, bad breath and an increased vulnerability, to chronic illnesses. The main objective of this review is to examine aspects pertaining to diseases encompassing clinical indications, methods, for diagnosis, available treatment choices, and preventive strategies. This research meticulously examines the types of these diseases, their stages, and their causes. It also discusses the approaches and criteria used to diagnose these conditions. Additionally, the paper provides an evaluation of treatment alternatives and strategic frameworks, for managing pathologies. This includes both surgical approaches, well as supportive therapies. The paper emphasizes the importance of measures. Maintaining oral health through consistent dental hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and necessary lifestyle adjustments. In conclusion, while periodontal diseases pose challenges in practice they can be controlled and prevented through collaboration, between dental practitioners, dental hygienists, and active patient participation.

Photodynamic therapy and periodontal disease

Periodontal diseases are global health concern since they affect almost 20-50% of global population and are widespread in both developed and developing countries. Periodontal disease develops as result of persistent infection caused by different periodontopathic bacteria and inflammation of tooth's supporting tissue. Traditional methods of periodontal care involve mechanical removal of biofilm and using antibiotics and antibacterial disinfectants as supplemental measure. However, in locations with restricted access, removal of plaque and decrease in quantity of pathogenic organisms may suffer. Furthermore, increased antibiotic resistance has led to development of newer therapeutic modalities, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). Application of PDT in periodontics, such as pocket debridement, gingivitis, and aggressive periodontitis, continues to develop into fully developed clinical therapeutic modality and is regarded as potential new strategy for eliminating pathogenic bacteria in periodontitis. Photosensitizer activated by light of certain wavelength in presence of O2 is used in PDT, potent laser-initiated photochemical reaction. Because traditional therapy, such as scaling and root planing, is ineffective at entirely eliminating periodontal infections, especially in deep periodontal pockets, antimicrobial PDT may be viewed as alternate therapeutic approach. Additionally, dual selectivity of PDT, which restricts damage to healthy tissues, gives it competitive advantage over alternative therapies. Purpose of this research is to review the available information about PDT and periodontal disease.