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Objective To study the pharmacokinetics and detection window of clozapine and its metabolites in human blood, so as to provide experimental basis for forensic cases of identification of clozapine poisoning. Methods 29 Taiyuan Han people's elbow venous blood was collected after given oral administration of 12.5mg clozapine at different time point, in which clozapine and its metabolites were extracted with solid phase extraction (SPE) and determined by HPLC-MS-MS. The qualitative analysis was based on retention time and MRM ions. The quantitative analysis was based on an internal standard method and calibration curve. Using the 3p97 pharmacokinetic software, pharmacokinetic equation of clozapine in the blood were imitated from the C-T data, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Results The pharmacokinetics of clozapine met a two compartment open model with a first kinetics absorption. The Tmax of clozapine(CLP), demethylclozapine(DMCLP), N-oxidation-clozapine(NO-CLP) respectively were 2.96±1.32h, 8.65±3.00h, 9.31±26.38h; The Cmax of CLP, DMCLP, NO-CLP respectively were 34.68±9.32ng/mL, 11.16±4.15ng/mL, 9.62±13.88ng/mL;The t1/2 of CLP, DMCLP, NO-CLP respectively were 17.02±23.63h, 27.06±12.58h, 41.27±29.75h; The detection window of CLP, DMCLP, NO-CLP respectively were 81.72±26.19h, 93.21±29.40h and 19.93±14.62h. Conclusion The pharmacokinetics of clozapine in blood of Han people is consistent with two compartment open model with a first kinetics absorption. The pharmacokinetics model and parameters of clozapine can provide expirimental basis for forensic identification of clozapine poisoning cases.
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BACKGROUND: Tissue-engineered trachea serving as a tracheal transplant, can not only reduce the expression of antigen cells, suppress immunoreaction, but also in advance conduct vascularization of blood vessels and regeneration culture of tissue cells in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the commonly used methods for tracheal transplantation, to introduce the latest clinical transplantation method of tissue-engineered trachea, and to provide reference evidence for carrying out such operations. METHODS: Taking tissue engineering, trachea, transplantation in English as search terms, Pubrned database from January 1990 to May 2009, ScienceDirect database from January 1990 to May 2009, Springer database from January 1990 to May 2009 was retrieved; Taking tissue engineering, trachea, transplantation in Chinese as search terms, CNKI database from January 1990 to May 2009 was researched. Literatures were limited to English and Chinese languages. Inclusive criteria: clinical studies and animal experiments related to the tracheal transplantation; exclusive criteria: duplicate documents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 270 literatures were screened out by computer, accordingto inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 documents of which were involved for analysis. There is an increasing cases with irreversible injury of tracheal resulted from various reasons and in need of transplantation during clinical work, and the material source of tracheal transplantation is always the main problem to limited the clinical use. Constructing tissue-engineered trachea in vitro is considered to be a good way for repairing trachea. This paper will review the origin and development of tracheal transplantation and tissue-engineered trachea, summarize the common method of allotransplantation, autotransplantation and biomaterial transplantation, as well as the research of constructing bio-scaffold, choosing seed cells and clinical applied development of tissue-engineered trachea, and emphatically introduce the first case of successful artificial tracheal transplantation by combining the method of allotransplantation and culturing the seed cell without the immune cells of donor.
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Objective To evaluate the measurement uncertainty for the determination of ethanol in human blood by auto-headspace GC/MS.Methods Each source of uncertainty,arising from the procedure of testing,was analyzed and confirmed according to the guidelines of the uncertainty in measurement.After each uncertainty component was evaluated,the combined standard uncertainty and the expanded uncertainty of the result were calculated.Results The expanded uncertainty was 0.084mg/mL when the concentration of ethanol in blood sample was 0.738 mg/mL.Conclusion The measurement uncertainty of the concentration of ethanol was came primarily from the sample determination,standard solution of the ethanol and the calibration curve.
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Object To develop a high-performance capillary electrophoresis method to determine ferulic acid concentrations in serum of rats treated with Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD). Methods Capillary zone electrophoresis was applied for ferulic acid assay, quantitative determination was based on internal standard and detection was carried on by direct UV. The electrolyte buffer was composed of 25 mmol/L borax-methanol (85∶15). Capillary electrophoresis was performed using a 52 cm (30 cm to detector)?50 ?m fused-silica capillary tube. Separation voltage was 20 kV, sampling time was 3 s, detection wavelength was 320 nm, and the temperature was 30 ℃. Results Ferulic acid was successfully separated within 6 min, the recoveries were 97.2% in serum and 103.28% in BHD, respectively. RSD were 3.73% and 0.91% (n=3), respectively. Conclusion This method can supply reference for the determination of ferulic acid in serum samples and BHD.
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Object To study the HPCE fingerprinting of Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD). Methods A buffer was composed of 30 mmol/L sodium phosphate and 40 mmol/L borate solution. Capillary electrophoresis was performed using a 65 cm (43 cm to detector) ?50 ?m fused-silica capillary tube. Separation voltage was 22 kV, sampling time was 1 s, detected wavelength was 254 nm, and the temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. Results The 27 components in GQD were successfully separated. The observation of methodology was in keeping with quantitatine determination and qualitative study. Conclusion This method can be used for the quality control of the preparation of GQD with good precision.