comparative study of renal size in newborn babies

In neonatal period usual presentation of renal anomalies is an increase or decrease in renal size. This study was conducted to assess renal size of normal newborn babies and to determine the best parameter against which kidney size should be associated and whether it is similar for small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age babies. This was a hospital-based case-control study, conducted over six months at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center and National Institute of Child Health, Karachi. One hundred and twenty-eight newborn babies were included. Kidney length and depth were measured by ultrasound. Birth weight, body length and head circumference of babies were measured. Gestational age was assessed using Dubowitz method. Kidney size was compared to birth weight, length, head circumference and gestational age. Out of 128 children 59% were boys and 41% girls. Seventy-one [55.4%] were small for gestational age and 57 [44.6%] appropriate for gestational age. Birth weights of babies ranged from 1100-4200 grams, lengths 39-53 cm and head circumference 30-37 cm. There was a positive correlation of kidney size with birth weight, body length and gestational age, strongest in case of birth weight. Appropriate for gestational age babies had larger kidneys than small for gestational age babies. There is a strong correlation between kidney size and birth weight of newborn babies. Small for gestational age babies have significantly smaller kidneys as compared to appropriate for gestational age babies

Diagnostic yield of color doppler ultrasonography in deep vein thrombosis

To see the diagnostic yield of color Doppler ultrasonography in patients who presented with clinical symptoms and signs of acute deep vein thrombosis of lower limb. Descriptive study. The study was carried out in Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta from January 2002 to December 2002. Twenty five patients, who presented with clinical symptoms and signs of acute deep venous thrombosis of lower limb, were selected. In all patients color Doppler ultrasound and venography was performed to compare the results. The age of the patients ranged from 16-82 +/- 20.33 years. The mean was 49.16, median 50.00 and mode 60.00 There were 15 females [60.00%] and 10 males [40.00%]. Left lower limb involvement was seen in 12 patients [48.00% +/- 0.51], right lower limb involvement in 10 patients [40.00% +/- 0.50] and both limbs involvement in 3.0 patients [12.00% +/- 0.33]. Color Doppler ultrasound was positive in 16 patients [64.00% +/- 0.48] while venography was positive in 21 patients [84.00% +/- 0.37%]. Doppler ultrasonography and venography showed that 11 patients [52.38%] had distal DVT, while 10 patients [47.62%] had distal as well as proximal DVT. Ten patients [100.00%] of proximal as well as distal DVT were diagnosed by CDU and later confirmed by venography. Eleven patients [100.00%] of distal DVT only in whom 6 patients [54.54%] were diagnosed by CDU, while 5 patients [45.46%] had inconclusive findings, which were confirmed by venography. Doppler ultrasonography compared venography showed sensitivity 76.1%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%, negative predictive value 44.45% and accuracy 80.00%. Color Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive, safe, efficient and cost-effective method in diagnosing acute deep venous thrombosis of lower limb but still it has not 100% accuracy. It is better for diagnosing proximal DVT than distal DVT. 7