Résumé
Background: The World Health Organization has stated that sexually transmitted diseases [STDs] rank second in importance after cancer as treatable diseases in women. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most important sexually transmitted diseases in terms of incidence, prevalence of serious complications. The nucleic acid amplification techniques [NAATs], which have become the method of choice have high sensitivity and specificity and are considered to be a more suitable method either for screening or diagnosing chlamydial infections
Aim of the study: compare 2 sets of primers in the diagnosis of C. trachomatis endocervicitis by performing PCR with primers directed against the MOMP and endogenous plasmid
Materials and Methods: endocervical swabs from 50 patients [patients group] and 25 females [control group], the Total DNA was extracted and multiplex PCR technique was done to diagnose C. trachomatis by using 2 different sets of primers to amplify genes of against the MOMP and endogenous plasmid
Results: 58% of the patients group had C. trachomatis infection by plasmid-based PCR assay and 50% had C. trachomatis by MOMP-based PCR assay; while only 12% of the control group had C. trachomatis by the 2 technique. IUD was the most important risk factor of C. trachomatis endocervicitis and the infection usually tend to occur in the females between 20-30years old
Conclusion; PCR directed against the endogenous plasmid is superior sensitivity in comparison with PCR directed against Major Outer Membrane Protein [MOMP] gene of C. trachomatis; so plasmid-based PCR the best candidate for use in the detection ofC. trachomatis in cervical smears?
Résumé
Background: the congregation of so many people during Umrah and Hajj seasons from different parts of the world in unavoidably overcrowded conditions within a confined area for a defined period of time presents many public health challenges and health risks are greatly increased with potential for both local and international consequences. The human nasopharynx and nares are densely colonized by a broad variety of microorganisms including commet2sal bacteria as well as potentially pathogenic bacteria [PPB] mainly: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitides, Moraxella catarrhal is and hemophilic influenza
Aims of the study: determination of the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Umrah visitors and Pilgrims before and after performing Umrah and Hajj, determination the antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates before and after Umrah and Hajj seasons and determination of the prevalence of [MRSA] and [VRSA] among Umrah visitors Pilgrims
Methodology: nasal swabs were collected from 979 Umrah visitors and 613 Pilgrims, from different nationalities before and after performing Umrah and Hajj respectively. All swabs were cultured on Mannitol salt agar to isolate Staphylococcus aureus and the isolates were identified according to the standard microbiological methods under complete aseptic conditions. VITEK 2 systems were used for the automated identification of isolated gram positive bacteria [GP] and Antimicrobial susceptibility Tests '% AST'
Results: performing Umrah increases the carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus, since the carriage rate among the Umrah visitors was more after performing Umrah than before performing Umrah. The carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus among the Umrah visitors was [[5.8%] before performing Umrah and [24%] after performing Umrah. This is unlike performing Hajj as while carriage rate was [25%] in pilgrims before performing Hajj it was [20.9%] in pilgrims after performing Hajj
Résumé
This controlled experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial hepatectomy on enteric bacterial translocation in rats and the preventive action of dextran 70. Sixty rats were divided into three equal groups each of twenty animals. Animals in the first group [GI, n=20] were subjected to Sham operation, while 70% hepatectomy was done in the second group [GII, n=20] and third group [GIII, n=20] thirty minutes after saline and dextran 70 administration respectively. In each group, relaparotomy was done in 10 animals two hours and 12 hours postoperatively respectively during which inferior venacava [IVC] blood sample, intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes [MLN] and liver specimens were obtained for bacteriological examination. Detection of bacterial DNA in the IVC blood samples was also done using PCR- based technique. The results of this study revealed that partial hepatectomy induces significant intestinal bacterial overgrowth 2 hours [P <0.01] and 12 hours [P<0.001] postoperatively compared to Sham group. Also, bacterial translocation to MLN, liver and blood was noticed after partial hepatectomy compared to negative cultures in Sham operation. Dextran 70 injection significantly diminished enteric bacterial growth and translocation in partially hepatectomized rats .In conclusion, partial liver resection induces enteric bacterial translocation in rats that could be prevented by IV dextran 70 administration
Résumé
Abstract: Meningitis and encephalitis are potentially life threatening infections especially in children. Virtually any infectious agent can cause CNS infection. Morbidity and mortality depend on the infectious agent, age of the child, general health, and prompt diagnosis and treatment. Viral meningitis and encephalitis occur as uncommon complications of systemic viral infection that occurs most frequently in infants and children. Herpes simplex virus [HSV] is the most common cause of sporadic focal CNS disease and because an effective therapy for treatment of HSV-CNS infection has become available, early diagnosis of this condition has a very important role in the clinical management and reduction of the morbidity and mortality rates
Aim of work: This work aims to determine the prevalence of HSV meningitis among cases of aseptic meningitis [AM] referred to Imbaba Fever Hospital and to evaluate the performance of ELISA tests which detect HSV antibodies, in comparison to PCR techniques, which detect viral DNA in CSF of patients
Patients and Methods: Sixty four CSF samples were obtained from patients aging from 1 day to 10 years, attending Imbaba Fever Hospital, with clinical and laboratory data suggestive of aseptic meningitis [AM]. Fifteen normal age and sex matched infants and children with normal CSF cells, protein and glucose, and with no clinical evidence of CNS infection, were chosen as control group [their definite diagnosis was non infectious CNS diseases]. All patients and control groups were subjected to microscopic examination and chemical analysis of CSF, serological assays for anti-HSV antibodies [IgG and IgM] and molecular assays for HSV-DNA in CSF
Results: The present work revealed that, 13 cases out of 64 [20%] were HSV-PCR positive, 25 cases [39%] were HSV-IgG positive, and 10 cases [16%] were HSV-IgM positive. Out of the 13 HSV-PCR positive cases, 4 cases [31%] were HSV-IgM positive only, 2 cases [15%] were both HSV-IgG and IgM positive, and 5 cases were negative by both types of HSV ELISA. Fifty one cases out of 64 [80%] were HSV PCR negative, defining a group of patients with aseptic meningitis for other causes
Conclusion: It was apparent that ELISA was not sufficient for conclusive diagnosis of acute HSV CNS infection, because IgM antibodies are not unique to the primary phase of infection. Furthermore, IgG seroconversion needs well-timed collection of patient sera which is often impractical. Thus, a definite diagnosis of recent HSV-CNS infection may be hard to establish. PCR was found to be the most reliable, rapid, sensitive method for early diagnosis and subsequently timely management of acute HSV-CNS infection in infants and young children
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It has been suggested that Human herpesvirus-6 [HHV-6] plays a possible role in the development of childhood lymphoid malignancies. Following primary infection, the virus is thought to persist for life in a latent form, but can reactivate in immunocompromised patients and may result in serious complications. The aim of the present study was to investigate these points. Three groups of children were enrolled in the study; group I included 20 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL], whereas group II included 20 children with malignant lymphomas: 15 had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [NHL] and 5 had Hodgkin's disease [HD]. Ten children in each of the two groups were newly diagnosed cases and 10 were at remission but still under therapy. Group III [control group] included 20 children with various neurological symptoms of suspected viral origin, but without having any malignancies. Complete medical history was taken from all children and they were subjected to full clinical examination, as well as complete blood count, liver and kidney functions tests. In addition, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined for the presence of HHV6-DNA by PCR. A significantly higher prevalence of HHV-6 infection was detected in ALL patients [70%] compared to patients with malignant lymphomas [25%] and controls [10%]; P values were < 0.01 and < 0.001 respectively. HHV-6 was more than two folds higher in malignant lymphoma patients compared to controls; however the difference was not statistically significant. A higher prevalence was observed in NHL cases [33.3%] compared to no HHV-6 detected among the 5 HD cases. The viral infection, however, did not cause any significant effect on the course of the disease. The current results support a clear association of HHV-6 with ALL and possibly NHL; whether the virus has a role in the etiology of the malignancy needs further assessment in large scale follow up studies
Résumé
Human Polyoma BK virus is a DNA virus that has many transmission methods including feco-oral, respiratory, transplacental and from donor tissue with a usual unnoticed primary infection. Reactivation of Polyoma BK virus occurs in immunsuppressed patients such as pregnant females, cancer patients, patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and recipients of renal or other allografts. Reactivation in renal transplant patients manifest as renal dysfunction resembling acute graft rejections and my be complicated with graft loss. In this study we aimed to evaluate different pathological and molecular methods in diagnosis and monitoring BK virus nephropathy [BKVN]. Twenty renal transplant patients represented with renal dysfunction manifested clinically and by elevation in serum creatinine level were investigated by means of histopathological examination of renal biopsy specimen, detection of decoy cells in urine cytology specimen and detection of Ployoma BK DNA in urine and plasma by PCR. Three patients out of 20 [15%] were diagnosed as BKVN positive by urine cytology, histpathological examination of renal biopsy and by detection of BK virus DNA in urine and plasma. Not all these methods were approved to be useful in monitoring our positive cases after reduction modification of the immunosuppressive therapy. Detection of decoy cells in urine cytology specimen and detection of Polyoma BK virus DNA in urine were the most efficient and reliable methods for monitoring BKVN
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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa [P. aeruginosa] is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia and it is highly resistant to many antibiotics by many different mechanisms, including beta-lactamases' production, specially class D OXA-beta-lactamases
Aim of work: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of OXA- beta-lactamases among extended-spectrumcephalosporin [ESC] non- susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates
Materials and Methods: Forty four ESC non- susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from a large teaching hospital , they were considered ESC non- susceptible if they were resistant or intermediately sensitive to one or more of ESC indicator antibiotics [ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and cefepime ] and aztreonam. They were examined for the presence of genes coding for OXA-group I, II and III using PCR based techniques and all isolates harboring OXA-group I genes were subsequently subjected to digestion by a group of restriction endonucleases to determine the OXA-group I type derivative of the isolates
Results: Twenty-five isolates [56.8%] were found to harbour OXA-type enzymes. Seventeen were positive for OXA-group I and 4 were positive for OXA-group III. In addition, four isolates [16%] harboured two different OXA-type enzymes. Almost all isolates of OXA-group I were non-susceptible to ceftazidime and susceptible to cefepime while all OXA-group III isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime and most of them were non-susceptible to cefepime
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Background: Patients on maintenance hemodialysis represent a high risk group of parenterally transmitted viral hepatitis infections, such as hepatitis B, D, C and G due to impairment of immune response, blood transfusion and nosocomial transmission in hemodialysis units
Aim: The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of parenterally transmitted viral hepatitis in chronic hemodialysis patients and find out any possible association between those viruses and possible risk factors in those patients
Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted on 91 individuals, 71 hemodialysis patients and 20 normal healthy individuals as a control group. The individuals of the control group were selected to be with normal liver and kidney functions and with no history of blood transfusion, operations or dental visits in the previous six months. Serum samples were taken from all the individuals included in the study and these sera had been tested for liver and kidney functions, for HBsAg and Anti-HCV by ELISA technique and also tested for HGVRNA by RT-PCR
Results: Hepatitis virus infection was detected in 32 of the hemodialysis patients [45 %] and in 3 individuals of the control group [15 %]. The studied cases showed high prevalence of HCV infection 30 cases [42.2 %], 4 cases with HBV [5.6 %] and 12 cases [16.6 %] with HGV. Co-infection of HGV with HCV was detected in 9 cases [12.7 %], whereas co-infection of HGV, HBV and HCV was detected in one case only [1.4 %]. Meanwhile, in the control group there was only one positive case for HBV [5 %] and 2 positive cases for HCV [10 %]
Conclusions: In spite of that AST and ALP enzymes reported significant difference between the positive hepatitis cases and the control group; yet no significant statistical difference in ALT, AST and ALP was reported between hemodialysis patients with single HCV infection and those with combined HCV and HGV infection. There is a significant association between HCV and HGV infection raising the possibility that HCV infection may be a high risk factor for HGV infection. Similarly; blood transfusion and duration of dialysis were risk factors significantly associated with increased risk of HGV infection
Résumé
Group B streptococci [GBS] cause serious life threatening infections in the newborn. Mortality of GBS sepsis may exceed 50%, and preterm infants are especially at risk. The ability to intervene in the intrapartum transmission of GBS from mother to infant is based on either the recognition of maternal risk factors at the time of delivery or on direct identification of maternal GBS carriers through prenatal screening of cultures obtained at 35 to 37 weeks of gestation. In either case, the institution of appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis has been shown to reduce the incidence of early onset GBS neonatal sepsis by 69 - 86%. The present study aimed at comparing different methods for detection of GBS colonization. The study also aimed at evaluating urine specimens in comparison to vaginal swabs as effective samples for screening GBS carriage among pregnant females. 134 females at 35-37 weeks of pregnancy were included in the study. Two vaginal swabs and one urine sample were collected from each female. One of the vaginal swabs was directly inoculated onto sheep blood agar and the other swab was immersed into Lim broth to be incubated for 24 hours followed by subculture onto sheep blood agar as well as direct testing for GBS antigen by agglutination. The urine samples on the other hand, were divided into two parts. The first part was cultured on sheep blood agar plates and the second part was inoculated into Lim broth and processed in the same way as the vaginal swabs. GBS was detected in the vaginal swabs and urine specimens of 21 [15.67%] and 11 [7.4%] females respectively. Direct GBS antigen detection in Lim broth was positive in all cases of GBS carriage, whether vaginal or urine. Whereas, only 11 and 19 out of the 21 positive vaginal samples were positive for GBS by direct plating and subculture methods respectively. Direct antigen detection from Lim broth is an effective method for GBS detection. Although urine samples are easier to collect, yet they are not as effective as vaginal swabs in detection of GBS. However, their mere detection raises the question of reporting positive GBS in urine samples of women in the childbearing period, even in insignificant counts, by laboratories when such samples are sent for culture