Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates of patients with upper respiratory tract infections

Abstract To evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns in URTIs reporting to tertiary hospitals of Lahore. A cross-sectional study employing 259 culture sensitivity reports obtained from tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. Using SPSS, descriptive statistics were used to estimate frequencies and percentages. In URTIs, S. aureus (5%) was the frequent gram-positive isolate followed by MRSA (1.5%) and MSSA (1.5%), while P. aeruginosa (15.8%) was the prevalent gram-negative isolate followed by Klebsiella (13.1%) and E. coli (6.9%). Against P. aeruginosa, ceftazidime (7.7%), cefuroxime/ceftriaxone (4.6%), amoxicillin (4.3%) and ciprofloxacin (4.2%), were tested resistant, while imipenem (11.2%), ciprofloxacin (9.2%), amikacin (9.2%), meropenem/ levofloxacin/gentamicin (8.1%) and piptaz (6.9%) were found sensitive. Against Klebsiella, carbepenems (7.3%), amikacin (6.5%), ciprofloxacin (5.4%) and gentamicin (5%) were tested sensitive, whereas, ceftazidime (8.5%), ceftriaxone (5.8%), cefaclor (5.5%), ampicillin (4.6%), co-amoxiclave (4.2%) and ciftazidime/ciprofloxacin (3.8%) were found resistant. Overall, imipenem (35%), meropenem (30.8%) and amikacin (31.9%) were the three most sensitive antibiotics, while ceftazidime (25.4%), ceftriaxone (19.2%) and ampicillin (18.5%) were the three most resistant antibiotics. Data suggested that P.aeruginosa and Klebsiella, were the most frequent bacterial isolates in URTIs of Lahore. These isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime and ceftazidime, but were sensitive to carbapenem and aminoglycosides

Presentation and aetiological aspects of tuberculous lymphadenitis at district sialkot

The present study was conducted to assess the presentation and etiological aspects of tuberculosis cervical lymphadenopathy for early detection, diagnosis and prompt specific therapy. Descriptive study. This study was conducted at the Department of Surgery and ENT of Allama Iqbal Memorial Hospital Sialkot from July 2009 to July 2014. Data was collected including history, family history, socioeconomic status, history of contact and symptoms. They have already undergone FNAC and only those with inconclusive FNAC underwent excision biopsy. Total sample size was 372 males and females were 232, age range of 0 to 70 years. The younger was anewborn of 2 months of age with history of tuberculosis in mother and the oldest was a 70 year of age with prolonged history of pulmonary tuberculosis. Frequency of tuberculosis is more common in Sialkot district. The main reason of prevalence of tuberculosis is poor hygiene, poverty, overcrowding, tanneries spill over contaminating drinking water. Timely diagnosis is better option in order to reduce such incidence and therapy reducing cost of treatment

Difference in Parental acceptance-rejection and personality organization in children of Hyderabad

The present study attempts to examine the differences in perceived parental acceptance-rejection and personality organization in middle and lower middle class children of Hyderabad. The sample included 144 children of Hyderabad. The Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire and Personality Assessment Questionnaire were used. The data was collected through purposive random sampling technique. The results revealed that there is non-significant mean difference in perception of middle class children and lower middle class children towards parental acceptance -rejection for father and mother and there is significant mean difference in personality organization. The study has implications based on observation that children perceive their parents in the same way in both middle and lower middle socio-economic class

Sensitivity and specificity of saliva in estimation of anti-HCV antibodies

This study was done to assess the efficacy of saliva as a screening tool in Hepatitis C infection when collected in a sterile test tube by simple spitting process. Anti Hepatitis C Virus antibodies [Anti-HCV] were detected in salivary samples of patients and healthy controls without using any special salivary collection device. Paired serum and oral fluid collections were obtained from 50 HCV positive cases and twenty five negative individuals. Saliva samples were collected in a sterile disposable plastic test tube by simple spitting of un-stimulated saliva by the study subjects. A modification of the serum HCV ELISA assay was developed to improve test accuracy for an oral fluid substrate. The presence or absence of anti-HCV antibodies in the blood serum was taken as gold standard against which anti-HCV levels in saliva were comparid. Overall sensitivity of saliva to detect Anti HCV antibodies was found to be 94.2% while specificity was 100%. This simple method of oral fluid collection proved to be an effective alternative to special collection saliva can be used as a cost effective screening tool for initial screening of hepatitis C infection in high risk populations

Etiology and outcome of thrombocytopenia in sick neonates

Enlist risk factors of thrombocytopenia in sick neonates and determine the outcome in sick neonates with thrombocytopenia in relation to risks factors. This descriptive case series study was conducted for a period of 6 months from 2007 to August 2007 in Pediatric Unit-TI, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. A total of 100 sick neonates with thrombocytopenia were included in the study. Neonates with different risks factors were evaluated which were of neonatal infection, birth asphyxia, prematurity, RDS, NEC and others [jaundice, infant of diabetic mother]. Among 100 cases with thrombocytopenia [platelets count< 150,000/ul] were included in this study, Out of 100 cases 35 [35%] were found to have early onset thrombocytopenia and 65cases [65%] were found to have late onset thrombocytopenia. Out of 100 cases, 43 cases were neonatal infection with thrombocytopenia, 23 [67.4%] were with early onset sepsis and 20 cases [46.5%] were late onset sepsis. Out of 100 cases, 17 [17%] cases were of birth asphyxia,11 cases were prematurity with birth weight <2.5 kg and gestational age <37 weeks, 6 cases of prematurity [54.5%] were with hemorrhage skin manifestation and remaining were occult mild thrombocytopenia, 20 cases of RDS with thrombocytopenia, 5 cases with NEC with thrombocytopenia and 4 cases with mild thrombocytopenia. The common manifestations in thrombocytopenic cases were petechiae and bruises followed by gastrointestinal hemorrhages. The leading causes of thrombocytopenia in sick neonates are infections, asphyxia, prematurity, RDS, NEC. Apart from the platelets counts the bleeding manifestations also depend upon underlying ailments

Correlation between hematological parameters and recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatiitis is a painful oral mucosal lesion affecting about 20% of the world's population. On morphological basis RAS lesions can be divided into three main types including minor RAS [MiRAS], major RAS [MjRAS] and herpetiform RAS [HuRAS]. Eighty five percent of all RAS lesions are Minor in nature. Classification based on severity of the lesion includes simple aphthosis and complex aphthosis. The etiology of the lesion is unknown. Many factors contribute in the Pathogenesis of RAS like inflammatory bowel disease, food allergy, stress, hormonal and immunological disturbances. Vitamin B12, Iron and Ferritin deficiencies. Deficiency of Hematological parameters especially Folate and Vit b 12 causes Megaloblastic anemia which is more common in developing countries. Pakistan is a developing country and nutritional anemia is very common in the country. These nutritional deficiencies cause RAS. The aim of this review is therefore to determine the hematological parameters correlated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Percentage of inflammatory cells in recurrent aphthous stomatitis in dental out patient department, Sheikh Zayed federal postgraduate medical Institute, Lahore

The objective of the study was to investigate the stages of recurrent aphthous stomatitis through cytological examination of the lesion which helps in diagnosis and treatment strategies. The study was carried out in Sheikh Zayed Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore. It was a Cross sectional Study and was completed within six months. Sixty patients of RAS and 60 controls were recruited to the study. There were 4 subjects having 75% of neutrophils in their smears, while 38 subjects of RAS had 40% of neutrophils and 18 were those who had 50% of these cells in their smear. Forty persent monocytes were present in 46 subjects; remaining 16 subjects had 50% of monocytes in the lesion. Lymphocytes were seen in 40% [53] subjects having the lesions of RAS while only 7 subjects showed the presence of 50% in their lesions. Through cytological examination of the smears of RAS it was concluded that there was increased number of neutrophil cells accumulation in the early [pre-monitory and pre-ulcerative] stages of RAS population