Study on the risks and its influencing factors of patients with psychotic disorders in communities / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the risks and its influencing factors of patients with psychotic disorders in communities.Methods A total of 457 patients with psychotic disorders in communities were investigated by use of the multistage stratified cluster random sampling method.Results Totally 257 patients with psychotic disorders in communities were with risks,which accounted for 56.2％.Among them,200 patients (43.8％) were with level-0 risk,113 patients (24.7％) were level-1 risk,85 patients (18.6％) were level-2 risk,43 patients (9.4％) were level-3 risk,11 patients (2.4％) were level-4 risk,while 5 patients (1.1％) were level-5 risk.There were significant differences in risks among patients with different gender,family income,duration,type of disease,medication and the history of violent behavior.Logistic regression analysis showed that low family income (OR=0.515,95％ CI=0.386-0.689,P＜0.01),long course of disease (OR=1.378,95％CI=1.179-1.609,P＜0.01),patients with schizophrenia (OR=6.285,95％CI=2.456-16.086,P＜ 0.01) and patients with a history of violence history (OR=28.988,95％CI=10.692-78.592,P＜0.01) were the risk factors of the influencing of patients with psychotic disorders in communities.Conclusions Low family income,long course of disease,patients with schizophrenia and a history of violence history are the influencing factors of patients with psychotic disorders in communities,and the management of follow-up and the strength of supervision among these patients should be reinforced.

Inhibitory effects of propofol on excitatory synaptic transmission in supraoptic nucleus neurons in vitro / 生理学报

The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of intravenous general anesthetic propofol (0.1-3.0 mmol/L) on excitatory synaptic transmission in supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons of rats, and to explore the underlying mechanisms by using intracellular recording technique and hypothalamic slice preparation. It was observed that stimulation of the dorsolateral region of SON could elicit the postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in SON neurons. Of the 8 tested SON neurons, the PSPs of 7 (88%, 7/8) neurons were decreased by propofol in a concentration-dependent manner, in terms of the PSPs' amplitude (P < 0.01), area under curve, duration, half-width and 10%-90% decay time (P < 0.05). The PSPs were completely and reversibly abolished by 1.0 mmol/L propofol at 2 out of 7 tested cells. The depolarization responses induced by pressure ejection of exogenous glutamate were reversibly and concentration-dependently decreased by bath application of propofol. The PSPs and glutamate-induced responses recorded simultaneously were reversibly and concentration-dependently decreased by propofol, but 0.3 mmol/L propofol only abolished PSPs. The excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) of 7 cells increased in the condition of picrotoxin (30 µmol/L, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist) pretreatment. On this basis, the inhibitory effects of propofol on EPSPs were decreased. These data indicate that the presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms may be both involved in the inhibitory effects of propofol on excitatory synaptic transmission in SON neurons. The inhibitory effects of propofol on excitatory synaptic transmission of SON neurons may be related to the activation of GABA(A) receptors, but at a high concentration, propofol may also act directly on glutamate receptors.

Receptor kinetics analyses of long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in spinal cord motoneurons in vitro / 生理学报

The aim of the present study is to observe the receptor kinetics property of long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in spinal cord motoneurons (MNs) by descending activation. The intracellular recording techniques were conducted in spinal cord MNs of neonatal rats aged 8-14 days. The changes of EPSP induced by ipsilateral ventrolateral funiculus (iVLF) stimulation (iVLF-EPSPs) were observed, and receptor kinetics of iVLF-EPSPs were analyzed. The results showed that, the amplitude, area under curve and maximum left slope of EPSP were positively correlated with stimulus intensity (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while the apparent receptor kinetic parameters apparent dissociation rate constant (K(2)), apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (K(T)) of EPSP were negatively correlated with stimulus intensity (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The iVLF-EPSPs were persistently increased after tetanic stimulation (100 Hz, 50 pulses/train, duration 0.4-1.0 ms, 6 trains, main interval 10 s, 10-100 V) in 5 of 11 tested MNs. The amplitude of iVLF-EPSPs was potentiated to more than 120% of baseline and lasted at least 30 min, which could be referred to as iVLF-LTP. Meanwhile, the area under curve and maximum left slope of EPSPs were also increased to more than 120% of baseline. During iVLF-LTP, apparent receptor kinetics analyses of iVLF-EPSPs indicated that K(2) and KT were decreased significantly to less than 80% of the baseline within 10 min and gradually and partially recovered in 3 MNs. These results of receptor kinetics analyses of iVLF-EPSPs suggest a possible enhancement in affinity of postsynaptic receptors in the early stage of iVLF-LTP in some MNs.

A survey on the agricultural profession-related injuries among 11 902 rural residents in Shandong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence and risk factors of agricultural activities related injuries among rural residents in Shandong province. Methods A retrospective investigation was conducted among agricultural profession-related workers in 20 villages with multistage cluster sampling method in Shandong province. Four times face-to-face interview were conducted by trained interviewers, including 32 students and local medical personnel under constructed questionnaires.Accidental injuries occurred in the activities or in the agricultural profession-related jobs were recorded, from May 1st 2009 to April 30st 2010. Data was input and analyzed by SPSS 13.0 statistical software. Results A total of 837 cases reported at least 1 job-related injury out of the 11 902 people who had been surveyed in one year. The crude incidence rate was 7.03% and the standardized incidence rate was 7.36%, higher in males (9.01%) than in females (4.10%), X2= 105.53, P=0.000.Children and adolescents (≤ 14 aged) had the higher incidence rate (9.50%), X2=9.70, P=0.008.People working in the area of commercial service related to agricultural products had the highest incidence rate (12.94%). In particular, those occupations that related to agricultural construction or materials appeared to have had higher incidence rates as 16.80% and 15.59% respectively, than other kinds of jobs (X2= 167.30, P=0.000). There were higher proportion of injuries occurred in the roads (28.79%), in the fields(28.08%) during labor work(38.00%) transportation(27.97%), respectively.The seasonality of agricultural injures mostly occurred between June and August, accounted for 47.43%. Major external causes related to injuries were instruments or tools (31.42%) being used,transportation (24.13%) and falls (20.19%). Wounds on limbs took the majority (56.39%). The accidental self-inflicted injury occupied 76.82%, while accidents to passive injuries occupied 11.47%,other kinds accounted for 11.71%. Most of the accidents caused mild or moderate damage, accounted for 60.22% and 30.34% respectively. 7 cases died of injuries, with the fatality rate as 0.84% and the mortality rate was 58.81 per one hundred thousand. 72 cases ended up in disability caused by injuries,with the morbidity rate as 6.05 per thousand. Answers to the major internal causes of injuries appeared to be: "did not know how to protect oneself" (29.87%) with females (45.41%) in particular,followed by "over fatigue" and "inappropriate treatment" which took the 2nd place in males. Major natural environmental factors of injuries would relate to "high air temperature and humidity but lower wind velocity"(14.93%), "unclear signs on the country road"(12.19%), "the sky was cloudy or dark"(10.87%), "slippery road caused by rain or snow" (10.51%), "kids were unintended" (10.27%) etc.Most of the wounded received treatment clinically (50.18%), with the percentile (P50) of medical cost as 182.76 RMB (Yuan). The proportion of inpatient was 27.72% and with percentile of time as P50=7.57 day and cost as P50=2840.00 RMB Yuan. The wounded had a rest of P50=5.9 days, with an indirect cost as P50=233.16 RMB Yuan. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that the incidence of agricultural profession-related injuries was high, with serious harm. Behavioral intervention and awareness of injuries should be enhanced, together with the improvement of environmental condition.

Relationship between salivary occult blood and level of volatile sulphur compounds in oral cavity / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the change of the salivary occult blood after periodontal mechanical therapy, and to assess the correlations between salivary occult blood and the level of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in oral cavity, periodontal clinical parameters, respectively.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty patients with gingivititis, mild or moderate periodontitis were included. The level of VSC were measured by Halimeter(®) and salivary occult blood was tested by Perioscreen(®) before periodontal examination. Then full mouth plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI) were charted. Attachment loss (AL) of the Ramfjörd teeth were recorded lastly. Intensive periodontal mechanical therapy was conducted including oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root planing (SRP). Four weeks after SRP, the same examinations were repeated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Salivary occult blood was significantly correlated with BI (r = 0.294) and PLI (r = 0.308) before periodontal therapy (P < 0.01), and also significantly correlated with VSC level (r = 0.386), PLI (r = 0.456), BI (r = 0.352), AL (r = 0.325) after therapy (P < 0.05). The improvement of VSC level [211.0 (111.0 - 389.5) × 10⁻⁹ vs 100.0 (46.3 - 165.3) × 10⁻⁹], the clinical periodontal parameters including PLI [(1.3 ± 1.0) vs (0.4 ± 0.6)], PD [(3.7 ± 1.5) mm vs (2.7 ± 0.9) mm], BI [(1.8 ± 1.2) vs (0.4 ± 0.7)] and AL [(1.0 ± 1.1) mm vs (0.1 ± 0.5) mm after the treatment was statistically significant (P < 0.001). However, standing on the viewpoint of salivary occult blood changes from positive before therapy to negative after therapy, only 80% (40/50) individuals were totally cured. VSC level in oral cavity and periodontal clinical parameters significantly decreased (P < 0.001) following the trends from strong positive, weak positive, to negative results of salivary occult blood test.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Salivary occult blood was correlated with VSC level in oral cavity of periodontal treated patients. It may be an objective parameter to evaluate the gingival inflammation and the efficacy of the periodontal therapy at individual level.</p>

Clinical evaluation of electronic dental analgesia during ultrasonic scaling / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of electronic dental analgesia (EDA) device--Team Up Duo during ultrasonic scaling.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical trial was conducted as a randomized double-blind split-mouth design. Eighty-one patients requiring ultrasonic scaling were selected as subjects. Patients received treatment using the EDA device either in an active or an inactive state in paired quadrants. The patients scored their pain/discomfort levels with visual analog scale (VAS) after each procedure and filled a questionnaire.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In questionnaire, 79.0% patients felt EDA could relieve pain/discomfort during ultrasonic scaling. But the double-blind test showed that Team Up Duo was effective in 46.9% patients overall. The effective rate was 55.1% and 34.4% in groups with or without attachment loss, respectively. In CP group, the success rate of EDA was not statistically significantly different between the groups according to sex, age or site.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>When using Team Up Duo during ultrasonic scaling, most patients subjectively believed that it was effective for controlling pain. In fact, this EDA device was effective in partial patients.</p>