Oxidative origin of sperm DNA fragmentation in the adult varicocele

ABSTRACT Purpose: Sperm DNA fragmentation is a major cellular mechanism underlying varicocele-related male infertility. However, the type of DNA fragmentation - whether oxidative or of another nature - remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate single- and double-stranded sperm DNA fragmentation, and oxidative-induced sperm DNA damage in men with varicocele. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed, including 94 normozoospermic adults, of which 39 men without varicocele (controls) and 55 men with varicocele grades II or III, uni- or bilaterally. All men collected semen by masturbation. After semen analysis, the remaining volume was used for evaluation of three types of sperm DNA damage: (i) total DNA fragmentation, using an alkaline comet assay, (ii) double-stranded DNA fragmentation, using a neutral comet assay, and (iii) oxidative DNA damage, using an alkaline comet assay associated with the DNA glycosylase formamidopyrimidine enzyme. In each assay, percentage of sperm with any degree of DNA fragmentation, and with high DNA fragmentation were compared between the groups using an unpaired Student's t test or a Mann-Whitney test. Results: The varicocele group presented a higher rate of sperm with fragmented DNA (both any and high DNA fragmentation), considering single-stranded DNA fragmentation, double-stranded DNA fragmentation, or a combination of both, as well as oxidative- induced DNA fragmentation. Conclusions: Patients with varicocele have an increase in sperm DNA fragmentation levels, particularly in oxidative stress-induced sperm DNA damage.

Current scenario of endourological treatment of kidney stones in brazil: results of a national survey

ABSTRACT Objective: To elucidate the current scenario of endourology in Brazil for the treatment of urinary lithiasis, with an emphasis on regional differences and the reasons why certain techniques are still underutilized. Materials and Methods: An electronic questionnaire was sent by email to the 4,745 members of the Brazilian Urological Society (BSU) in 2016 to collect information on the 3 main endourological procedures used in the treatment of nephrolithiasis: Semi-rigid ureteroscopy (URS), Flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL). Results: A total of 1,267 urologists answered the questionnaire. It was observed that the vast majority perform URS (95.6%), while 80.2% perform F-URS and only 72.1% perform PCNL. Regarding the surgical volume, most perform up to 10 procedures per month (73.4% to 88.2%) and the main impediment was the lack of patients with the pathology (42.1% to 67.7%). The lack of equipment or hospital infrastructure was one of the main limiting factors for rigid (23%) and flexible (38.1%) URS, mainly in the North and Northeast regions of the country. Regarding PCNL, most of them reported lack of practical experience in the method (29.9%). Finally, most urologists expressed interest in taking courses in endourology. Conclusion: Ureteroscopy, rigid or flexible, is already well established in the country, requiring the direction of more resources for its practice, especially in less developed regions. Regarding PCNL a significant part of Brazilian urologists still lack practical experience in this procedure, emphasizing the need for greater investment in teaching this technique.

Antioxidant enzyme profile and lipid peroxidation products in semen samples of testicular germ cell tumor patients submitted to orchiectomy

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine enzymatic antioxidant and lipid peroxidation levels in seminal plasma of patients orchiectomized for testicular tumors. Materials and Methods The study included 52 patients: 26 control men and 26 orchiectomized patients for testicular tumor, of which 12 men had seminoma tumor and 14 men non-seminoma tumor. After semen analysis performed according to the WHO guidelines, an aliquot of semen was centrifuged and the seminal plasma was collected. Lipid peroxidation was performed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay and antioxidant profile was assessed by analyzing catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide anion (SOD) activities using colorimetric assays with a standard spectrophotometer. Data were tested for normality and compared using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). Results Seminoma and non-seminoma groups presented lower sperm concentration and morphology when compared to control group (p=0.0001). Both study groups (seminoma and non-seminoma) presented higher TBARS levels when compared to control group (p=0.0000013). No differences were observed for SOD (p=0.646) andGPx (p=0.328). It was not possible to access the enzymatic activity of catalase in any group. Conclusion Patients with testicular tumor present increased semen oxidative stress, but no differences were observed in antioxidant levels, even after orchiectomy. This indicates that most likely an increased generation of oxidative products takes place in these patients.

Avaliação do tocoferol no congelamento do sêmen bovino e nas taxas de prenhez após inseminação artificial em tempo fixo / Tocopherol evaluations at the freezing of bovine semen on the pregnancy rates after fixed time artificial insemination

O presente estudo avaliou se a adição de tocoferol no diluidor para a criopreservação de sêmen bovino reduz os danos causados pelo estresse oxidativo e melhora a capacidade fertilizante do sêmen utilizado na IATF. No primeiro lote sincronizado foram utilizadas 84 fêmeas Nelore (Bostaurusindicus) e no segundo lote 44 fêmeas. Para a inseminação artificial as vacas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: controle (inseminadas com sêmen criopreservado sem uso de aditivos) e tocoferol (inseminadas com sêmen criopreservado com adição de 10mmol/mLtocoferol). Foram utilizados sêmen de três reprodutores da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus), sendo as doses provenientes de uma única partida, distribuída aleatoriamente entre as fêmeas inseminadas. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado 35 dias após a IATF por exame ultrassonográfico retal. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e a taxa de prenhez comparada pelo teste qui-quadrado. A adição de 10mmol/mL de tocoferol no diluidor do sêmen não influenciou (P>0,05) na taxa de prenhez após IATF em comparação ao grupo controle (sem aditivos) para as médias do primeiro lote sincronizado (n=84; 38,5% vs 40%), segundo lote sincronizado (n=44; 28% vs 31,6%) e para a média geral dos lotes (n=128; 34,4% vs 37,5%). Nas condições experimentais a adição de 10mmol de tocoferol ao meio crioprotetor do sêmen não melhorou a taxa de prenhez após a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo na espécie bovina.

The present study evaluated if the addition of tocopherol to the extender semen cryopreservation reduces the damage caused by oxidative stress and preserves the fertilizing capacity of semen used in FTAI. In the first lot we used 84 synchronized females Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) and the second lot 44 females.For the artificial insemination the cows were randomly divided into two groups: control (inseminated with semen cryopreserved without using additives) and treatment (inseminated with semen cryopreserved with added 10 mmol/ml tocoferol). We used three semen sires Nelore (Bos taurus indicus), with doses starting from a single, randomly distributed among females inseminated. The pregnancy diagnosis was done 35 days after FTAI by rectal ultrasonography. The experimental design was completely randomized and pregnancy rates compared by chi-square test. There were no effect (P> 0.05) in pregnancy rate using cryopreserved semen with added 10mmol/ml tocopherol in the bovine semen extender compared to the control group (no additives) in the first synchronized group (n = 84, 38.5% vs 40%), in the second synchronized group (n = 44, 28% vs 31.6%) and the all animals (n = 128, 34.4% vs 37.5%). We conclude that, under the experimentalconditions, the addition of 10 mmol of tocopherol in the semen extender did not improve the pregnancy rate after FTAI in the bovine species.