A study of the different learning styles of the present first professional MBBS students at United Institute of Medical Sciences, United Medicity, Prayagraj, India

Background: The study is designed to evaluate the different learning styles of the present first professional MBBS students. Students were requested to complete the visual-aural-read/write-kinesthetic (VARK) questionnaire at VARK-LEARN.COM. Results of the questionnaire were collected by email and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. We found that 68.2% had multimodal learning preferences and 31.7% had single learning preference. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the different learning styles of MBBS 1st year students of United Institute of Medical Sciences, Prayagraj, using the VARK questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This study includes the informed consent taken from each student before participating. The Institutional Ethics Committee approved the study. Copyright permission was taken from the website vark-learn.com, from VARK Learn Limited, New Zealand. One hundred and two students had consented, and out of them, 85 students participated in the study. The students were asked to complete the questionnaire on the website. The data on their learning styles were collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: Out of 85 Students, 58 (68.2%) had multimodal learning preferences. Of these, 28.2% of students had four-part VARK or quadrimodal preferences, 28.2% of students had bimodal, and 11.7% had trimodal learning preferences. Twenty-seven (31.7%) had single learning preferences, and, out of these 27 students, 17 (20%) had kinesthetic, 6 (7.05%) had visual learning preferences, and 4 (4.7%) students had aural learning preferences. Conclusion: With the help of this study, we concluded that most of the students who participated in our study are multimodal learners, and out of the students who had a single learning preference, most had kinesthetic learning preferences.

Immature Teratoma with Somatic Tumor-Type Sarcoma: A Case Report.

Teratoma is a germ cell tumor seen mainly in neonates and young adults; it contains elements derived from all three germinal layers, with its usual site of occurrence being the ovary and testis and less common sites being several extragonadal locations. This case is of a 10-year-old boy who presented with an asymptomatic mass, heterogenous on ultrasonography and showing enhanced solid areas along with nonenhancing cystic areas on contrast enhanced computed tomography. Cytological diagnosis of malignant mesenchymal tumor was made; however, exact categorization could not be done. After surgical excision, histological and immunohistochemical studies yielded the diagnosis of immature teratoma with somatic malignancy – sarcoma. Teratomas with malignant transformation refer to a form of germ cell tumor in which a somatic teratomatous component becomes morphologically malignant and develops aggressively. These are associated with chromosomal abnormalities i (12p) reflecting germ cell tumor clonality. The occurrence of an identifiable sarcomatous component is a well recognized but distinctly uncommon phenomenon.

Breast cancer and depression: issues in clinical care.

Many of breast-cancer patients experience distress and most of them experience depression which may lead to amplification of physical symptoms, increased functional impairment, and poor treatment adherence. We did a review on available literature from PubMed about prevalence, distress magnitudes, coping styles, and treatment methods of major depression in women with breast cancer from 1978 to 2010. Diagnosis and treatment of depressive episodes in women with breast cancer is challenging because of overlapping symptoms and co-morbid conditions. Major depression is often under-recognized and undertreated among breast cancer patients. This review highlighted the issues on identifying and managing depression in breast cancer patients in clinical settings.

Esthetic and endosurgical management of Turner's hypoplasia; a sequlae of trauma to developing tooth germ.

Turner's hypoplasia usually manifests as a portion of missing or diminished enamel, generally affecting one or more permanent teeth in the oral cavity. A case report of 8 year old girl who met with trauma at 2 years of age leading to primary incisors being knocked out, reported after 6 years with complaint of pain and discharge in her anterior malformed teeth is discussed in this article. The permanent incisors erupted with dilacerated crown, root malformations and missing enamel. Further, patient developed sinus, lateral root pathology, tooth mobility and malocclusion in relation to affected teeth which were managed by esthetic, functional, endodontic and surgical procedure. Root canal treatment along with palatal contouring and esthetic restoration by light cure composite was performed on the tooth with crown dilaceration and sinus, where as surgical management was considered for the tooth with root malformation.

Surgical repositioning of intruded immature permanent incisor: an updated treatment concept.

Intrusion of immature permanent anterior teeth presents a great dilemma due to variety of treatment options. The ideal treatment option is the one with least probability of developing complications like external root resorption, obliteration of pulp canal, marginal bone loss etc. This paper presents a case report with treatment strategy of repositioning, splinting, successfully attempted apexification and obturation of a completely intruded immature permanent central incisor. Excellent healing with no post-operative complications even after 10 months of follow up.

A study of infective aetiology of chronic diarrhoea in children in Amritsar.

Examination of 150 stool samples from children of less than 3 years of age of chronic diarrhoea showed the presence of various enteropathogens in 58.7% cases. Cryptosporidium in pure form, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were detected in 1.3%, 2% and in 4% cases respectively. In 1.3% children Candida albicans was isolated. The predominant bacterial isolate was enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (21.4%). Salmonella typhimurium, shigella and campylobacter were isolated in 8.6%, 4% and 0.7% children respectively.

Distribution and trends of HIV infection in blood donors of four metropolitan cities.

Screening for HIV infection has been made mandatory for every unit of blood collected for transfusion in major cities of the country, having facilities for such screening. Results of HIV screening among blood donors received from the 4 Metropolitan cities of Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras have been analysed year wise from 1989 to 1991 to determine the magnitude and trends of HIV infection in different categories of blood donors and the seropositivity rates seems to be increasing over time. Universal coverage of HIV screening for donated blood has not been fully achieved and the justification and urgency for achieving complete coverage is highlighted.