The Association between the Low-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol to High-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Ratio and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Adults: A Secondary Data Analysis Using a Community-based Cohort Study in Korea / 기본간호학회지

Purpose@#This study investigated the association between the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio and the incidence of diabetes in a Korean community-based cohort. @*Methods@#The participants were 7,653 adults aged 40-69 years without diabetes at baseline from Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study who were followed up for 16 years biennially. These participants were categorized into four groups (Q1-Q4) according to quartiles of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio at baseline. Significant differences in the probability of diabetes-free survival curve were identified using the log-rank test in Kaplan-Meier analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. @*Results@#In total, 1,833 (24.0%) participants newly developed diabetes. The overall incidence of diabetes was 20.37 per 1,000 person-years (14.94, 17.12, 22.0, and 22.08 per 1,000 person-years for Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively). The probability of diabetes-free survival was significantly different among the four groups (log-rank, x2=117.88, p<.001). Covariates included age, sex, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index, hypertension, body mass index, family history of diabetes mellitus, smoking status, and alcohol use. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression showed that people with the highest quartile of the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio had a 1.17 times higher (HR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.01~1.35, p=.038) risk of diabetes development than those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for covariates. @*Conclusion@#The LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is an independent risk factor for diabetes development. Measuring and managing the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is necessary for detecting individuals at high risk for developing diabetes.

Risk Factors affecting Dyslipidemia according to Age Group in Women:Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014~2017 / 기본간호학회지

Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors affecting dyslipidemia in women according to age group. @*Methods@#This secondary analysis study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES), 2014~2017. The participants were 10,573 women aged 30 years and older. Data were analysed using descriptive data, x2 statistic, and complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis. @*Results@#Prevalence of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia was estimated at 10.8% (30~49 years old), 42.3% (50~64 years old) and 62.0% (over 65 years old). Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was estimated at 6.8% (30~49 years old), 13.1% (50~64 years old) and 14.7% (over 65 years old). Risk factors of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia were hypertension, menopause, body mass index, smoking, drinking status in women aged 30~49 years old. Risk factors of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia were hypertension, menopause, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, drinking status in women aged 50~64 years old, and hypertension in women over 65 years old. Risk factors of hypertriglyceridemia were hypertension, menopause, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking in women aged 30~49 years old. Risk factors of hypertriglyceridemia were hypertension, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, energy percent from fat in women aged 50~64 years old, and smoking in women over 65 years old. @*Conclusion@#The results of this study revealed the important role of hypertension, menopause, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, drinking status and energy percent from fat on dyslipidemia according to age group in women. Based on these results, different approaches considering women's age group should be prepared in order to prevent and manage dyslipidemia.

Relationship between health behaviors and high level of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol applying cardiovascular risk factors among Korean adults: based on the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI), 2013 ~ 2015 / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the relationship between health behaviors and high levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) according to cardiovascular risk factors among Korean adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on the sixth Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES VI). Participants were 13,841 adults aged 19 years and older. Cardiovascular risk factors were stroke, myocardial infarction or angina, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, aging, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) under 40 mg/dL and HDL-cholesterol over 60 mg/dL. Cardiovascular risk groups were classified as very high risk (stroke, myocardial infarction or angina), high risk (diabetes mellitus), moderate risk (over 2 risk factors), and low risk (below 1 risk factor). The prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol was calculated using the LDL-cholesterol target level according to cardiovascular risk group. RESULTS: The prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol was 25.5% in males and 21.7% in females. Complex sample cross tabulation demonstrated that the high LDL-cholesterol and normal groups differed significantly according to age, education, body mass index, percentage of energy from carbohydrate, fat, saturated fat and n-6 in males and females. These two groups were also significantly different according to smoking in males and the percentage of energy from n-3 in females. Complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for multiple confounding factors demonstrated that the probability of high LDL-cholesterol was significantly associated with current smoking (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.40–1.99), obesity (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.64–2.31) in males, and current smoking (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.19–2.52), obesity (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39–1.90), percentage of energy from n-3 (quartile 1 vs. quartile 2; OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62–0.96; quartile 1 vs. quartile 3; OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56–0.94; quartile 1 vs. quartile 4: OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51–0.87) in females. CONCLUSION: This study reveals the impact of smoking, obesity, energy percentage of nutrient intake on LDL-cholesterol.

A path analysis of factors influencing eating problem among young female adults / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze factors influencing eating problems among young female adults. METHODS: Participants were 193 young female adults aged 19 ~ 29 years who were recruited in August 2017. Four variables related to eating problems in young female adults, including body image dissatisfaction, self-esteem, trait anger, and depression, were measured using reliable instruments. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program and Amos 24.0 for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and path analysis. RESULTS: The mean for eating problems in young female adults was 8.99, and 9.8% of subjects were classified as high risk with eating problems. Modified model demonstrated good model fit (χ²/df 0.47, GFI 0.99, AGFI 0.99, NFI 0.99, SRMR 0.022, RMSEA 0.001). Path analysis showed that body image dissatisfaction had the greatest direct effect on eating problems. Depression did not have a direct effect on eating problems, whereas it had indirect effects on eating problems through body image dissatisfaction as the mediating factor. Self-esteem had direct effects on depression and indirect effects on eating problems through depression and body image dissatisfaction as mediating factors. Trait anger had direct effects on depression and body image dissatisfaction and indirect effects on eating problems through depression and body image dissatisfaction as mediating factors. These factors accounted for 46% of the total variance, and the fit indices of the model satisfied the criteria of fitness. CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal the important role of body dissatisfaction and psychological factors such as self-esteem, trait anger, and depression on eating problems. These factors influencing eating problems should be considered when developing programs to improve eating problems in young female adults.

A Path Analysis of Factors Influencing Health-related Quality of Life among Male Adults

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze factors influencing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among male adults. METHODS: Participants were 196 male adults who were recruited from June to July 2016. Seven variables related to HRQoL including age, perceived stress, physical activities, problem drinking, social support, self-esteem, depression were measured. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program and Amos 18.0 for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and path analysis. RESULTS: The mean for HRQoL was 80.14. The path analysis showed that depression had the greatest direct effect on HRQoL. It was found that perceived stress had direct and total effects on HRQoL. It also mediated the paths of social support and self-esteem to HRQoL. These factors account for 68% of the total variance, and the fit indices of the model satisfied the criteria of fitness. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that these factors influencing HRQoL should be considered when developing programs to improve HRQoL for male adults.

A Comparative Study on Perception of Patient Safety Culture and Safety Care Activities: Comparing University Hospital Nurses and Small Hospital Nurses / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare perception of patient safety culture and safety care activities between university hospital nurses (group A) and small hospital nurses (group B). METHODS: Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 246 university hospital nurses and 223 small hospital nurses working in Seoul or Gyeonggi Province. Descriptive statistics, x 2-test, ANCOVA, t-test, ANOVA with the SPSS package were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Total score for perception of patient safety culture and 3 subcategories of perception of patient safety culture were statistically significantly higher for group B compared to group A. Operation room nursing, falls, and bed sore scores in patient safety care activities were statistically significantly higher for group A than for group B. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that the specific characteristics by size should be considered when developing effective patient safety culture in hospitals.

Factors Affecting Health-related Quality of Life in Women Undergraduates / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to define factors influencing health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in women undergraduates. Independent variables of physical activity, attitude to eating, satisfaction with body shape, stress and self-esteem were used to predict HRQOL. METHOD: Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Participants were 245 women undergraduates who were recruited from July to September 2012. RESULT: The mean for the physical component summary (PCS) of HRQOL was 73.89, and for the mental component summary (MCS) was 68.45. There were significant correlations between attitude to eating, satisfaction with body shape, stress, self-esteem and the two components of HRQOL. The groups with minimal or health enhancing activity were significantly higher in PCS and MCS than the inactivity group. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that 35% of the variance in PCS was significantly accounted for by self-esteem, perceived stress, attitude to eating, and physical activity, and 45% of the variance in MCS was significantly accounted for by perceived stress, self-esteem, attitude to eating, and satisfaction with body shape. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that these factors influencing HRQOL should be considered when developing programs to improve HRQOL for women undergraduates.

A Comparison of Pain, Pain Interference and Fatigue according to the Level of Physical Activity in the Elderly with Chronic Pain

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate differences in pain, pain interference, and fatigue, according to the level of physical activity in the elderly with chronic pain. METHODS: Data were collected between January and March 2011 from 116 elders with chronic pain living in community settings. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program for descriptive statistics, 2 test, t-test, ANOVA and ANCOVA. The reliability of the instruments was tested with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which ranged from .91 to .93. RESULTS: The results were as follows. The mean total physical activity was 2287.4 MET-min/week, and 41.4% of the investigated subjects were classified into the low physical activity group. After adjusting for age and sex, the moderate and high physical activity groups were significantly lower in pain (F=6.33, p=.002), pain interference (F=11.57, p<.001), and fatigue (F=3.16, p=.046) than the low physical activity group. CONCLUSION: Results from this study suggest that the level of physical activity can influence pain, pain interference and fatigue. Therefore, incorporating more physical activities into daily routines, inactive elderly individuals may improve their pain, pain interference and fatigue.

Predictors of Transition in the Stage of Change for Smoking Cessation of Male University Students / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify predictors of the stage of change for smoking cessation of male university students on the basis of the Transtheoretical model (TTM). METHODS: The 388 current smokers or exsmokers who agreed to participate were recruited from three areas in Korea from August 2 to September 5, 2006. Data was analyzed using a SPSS program for descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Most subjects (76.8%) were current smokers. According to stages of change, there were statistically significant differences in self efficacy, smoking temptation, decisional balance (cons, pros), and processes of change. The predictors of transition from contemplation to preparation were behavioral and experiential processes. The predictors of transition from preparation to action were pros of smoking and experiential process. The predictors of transition from action to maintenance were cons of smoking and behavioral process. CONCLUSION: Specific nursing interventions based on stages of change need to be developed for smoking cessation of male university students.

Psychosocial Adaptation and Related Factors in Patients with a Permanent Colostomy / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to define factors influencing psychosocial adaptation of patients with a permanent colostomy. Independent variables including perceived stress, stoma care self-efficacy, self-care behavior, self-esteem and family support were used to predict psychosocial adaptation. METHOD: The data was analyzed using the SPSS pc program window version 12.0 for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Ninety patients with a permanent colostomy were recruited between September 2007 and May 2008. The reliability of the instruments was tested with Cronbach's alpha which ranged from .78 to .92. RESULT: The results were as follows: The mean psychosocial adaptation score was 3.05. There were significant correlations between all the predictive variables and psychosocial adaptation (r= .63~ -.43, p<.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that self-esteem (40%), stoma care self-efficacy (7%), perceived stress (2%), and self-care behavior (2%) accounted for 51% of the variance in psychosocial adaptation. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that to improve psychosocial adaptation of patients with permanent colostomy, the major related factors identified in this study should be considered.

Effects of Self Efficacy Promoting Programs on Self Efficacy, Self Care Behavior and Psychosocial Adaptation in Patients with a Colostomy / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of self-efficacy promoting program on self-efficacy, self-care behavior and psychosocial adaptation in patients with a colostomy. METHOD: A non-equivalent control group pre test post test design was used. The self efficacy promoting programs was composed of a CD image program based on varicaious experience, education and telephone coaching program based on verbal persuasion, and Stoma care practice, and Self care performance based on performance accomplishment. This study was carried out from July 2, 2005 to April 20, 2006 and 21 patients with a colostomy at one of 2 hospitals participated. Descriptive statistics, chi-square-test, and Mann-whitney U test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were significantly different for specific self efficacy, self care and psychosocial adaptation between the experimental group and control group. CONCLUSION: The self efficacy promoting program for patients with stomas was effective in improving degree of specific self efficacy, self care and psychosocial adaptation.

Predictors of Anxiety and PTSD in Battered Women / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine predictors of anxiety and PTSD in battered women. METHOD: The data were collected from 555 women who were stratified samples according to 15,000:1 from a target population in Korea from November 18, 2004 to February 18, 2005. The data was analysed using the SPSS program. RESULTS: Predictors of anxiety were self esteem, stress, state anger, social support, trait anger, negotiation, and psychological violence. These variables explained 55.8% of anxiety. Predictors of PTSD were self esteem, state anger, trait anger, psychological violence, stress, and anger-in. These variables explained 43.2% of PTSD. CONCLUSION: It is considered that the importance of separating the effects of the different types of violence when taking into account its effects on women's mental health. To promote women's mental health, it is needed to develop self esteem improvement programs, and anger and stress management programs.

A Study of the Relationship of Chronic Pain, Pain Coping, Fatigue, Self-esteem, and Depression in Elders / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the relationship among the variables, chronic pain, pain coping, fatigue, self-esteem, and depression in elders. METHOD: Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 270 older adults. Data analysis was done with SPSS 10.1 for descriptive statistics and a PC LISREL program for covariance structural analysis. RESULTS: According to modified model, chronic pain was found to have a significant direct and total effect on pain coping. Chronic pain and pain coping were found to have a significant direct and total effect on fatigue. Chronic pain, pain coping and fatigue were found to have a significant direct and total effect on self-esteem. Chronic pain, pain coping, and self-esteem were found to have a significant direct effect on depression. CONCLUSION: This modified model is considered appropriate for explaining the relationship among chronic pain, pain coping, fatigue, self-esteem, and depression in elders. Also, the findings support the development of an intervention strategy to relieve chronic pain in elders.

A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of a Self-Efficacy Promoting Program / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of a self-efficacy promoting program and analyze its components. METHOD: The material used for this study were 18 self-efficacy promoting program studies carried out from Jan. 1980 to Oct. 2003. The studies were analyzed in different categories: 1) types of dependent variables 2) sample characteristics 3) types of experimental treatment conditions 4) types of self-efficacy source and 5) total amount of time RESULT: 1) The weighted mean of a self-efficacy promoting program ranged from 1.383 to 0.015 2) for the experimental treatment condition, exercise had a much larger effect in increasing general self-efficacy and self-care than education 3) the studies using 3 sources had a much larger effect in increasing self-care than the studies using 4 sources 4) a time period longer than 900 minutes had a much larger effect in increasing specific self-efficacy, general self-efficacy and self-care than in a time period shorter than 900 minutes. 5) effect size of specific self-efficacy was significantly higher than general self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: These results can be used to guide the development of a self-efficacy promoting program for nursing practice.

Influencing Factors of Climacteric Women's Depression / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to define the main factors influencing depression of climacteric women. METHOD: The data was analyzed using a SAS 6.12 PC+ program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Two hundred seventy climacteric women between 40 and 59 years old were recruited from 6 areas in Korea from Oct. 5, 2002 to Dec. 13, 2002. The reliability of the 7 instruments were tested with Cronbach's alpha which ranged from .82 to .95. RESULT: The results were as follows : The mean depression score was 14.17, which was slightly high. The depression was influenced significantly by occupation, economic status, and menopause status. There were significant correlations between all the predictive variables and the depression(r=.73~ -.17, p <.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 59% of the variance in depression was significantly accounted by stress(53%), climacteric symptoms(3%), marital adjustment (2%), and health promotion behavior(1%). CONCLUSION: In reducing the climacteric women's depression, the above major influencing factors should be considered.

Relationship between Climacteric Symptoms and Sexual Satisfaction in Middle-aged Women / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the relationship between climacteric symptoms and sexual satisfaction in middle-aged women. METHOD: Self-selection was used to recruit, for the study, 272 middle-aged women between 40 and 59 years of age from 2 metropolitan areas and 2 provinces in Korea. The questionnaire included information on demographic characteristics, climacteric symptoms and sexual satisfaction. RESULT: The results are as follows: 1. The mean/item climacteric symptom score was 1.91 and the mean sexual satisfaction score was 38.19.2. Climacteric symptoms were significantly influenced by age, education, economic status, frequency of abortions and menopausal status. Sexual satisfaction was influenced significantly by age, education, economic status and menopausal status. 3. There was a significant negative correlation between climacteric symptoms and sexual satisfaction (r=-.24, p =.0002). CONCLUSION: Sexuality should be considered when developing nursing strategies for middle-aged women, especially when dealing with climacteric symptoms.