Résumé
ABSTRACT Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a standard therapy in bariatric surgery. Sleeve gastrectomy and gastric banding, although with good results in the literature, are showing higher rates of treatment failure to reduce obesity-associated morbidity and body weight. Other problems after bariatric may occur, as band erosion, gastroesophageal reflux disease and might be refractory to medication. Therefore, a laparoscopic conversion to a RYGB can be an effective alternative, as long as specific indications for revision are fulfilled. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyse own and literature data on revisional bariatric procedures to evaluate best alternatives to current practice. Methods: Institutional experience and systematic review from the literature on revisional bariatric surgery. Results: Endoscopic procedures are recently applied to ameliorate failure and complications of bariatric procedures. Therapy failure following RYGB occurs in up to 20%. Transoral outlet reduction is currently an alternative method to reduce the gastrojejunal anastomosis. The diameter and volume of sleeve gastrectomy can enlarge as well, which can be reduced by endoscopic full-thickness sutures longitudinally. Dumping syndrome and severe hypoglycemic episodes (neuroglycopenia) can be present in patients following RYGB. The hypoglycemic episodes have to be evaluated and usually can be treated conventionally. To avoid partial pancreatectomy or conversion to normal anatomy, a new laparoscopic approach with remnant gastric resection and jejunal interposition can be applied in non-responders alternatively. Hypoglycemic episodes are ameliorated while weight loss is sustained. Conclusion: Revisional and endoscopic procedures following bariatric surgery in patients with collateral symptomatic or treatment failure can be applied. Conventional non-surgical approaches should have been applied intensively before a revisional surgery will be indicated. Former complex surgical revisional procedures are evolving to less complicated endoscopic solutions.
RESUMO Racional: Bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux (BGYR) é procedimento padrão em cirurgia bariátrica. Gastrectomia vertical e banda gástrica, embora com bons resultados na literatura, estão mostrando taxas mais elevadas de insucesso no tratamento para reduzir a morbidade associada à obesidade e peso corporal. Outros problemas pós-operatórios podem ocorrer, como a erosão da banda, e doença do refluxo gastroesofágico refratária à medicação. Portanto, conversão laparoscópica para BGYR pode ser alternativa eficaz, desde que indicações específicas para a revisão sejam cumpridas. Objetivo: Analisar os nossos dados e os da literatura sobre procedimentos bariátricos revisionais para avaliar melhores alternativas para a prática atual. Métodos: Foram efetuados experiência institucional e revisão sistemática da literatura sobre cirurgia bariátrica revisional. Resultados: Procedimentos endoscópicos estão sendo aplicados recentemente para melhorar a falha e complicações de procedimentos bariátricos. Falha terapêutica após BGYR ocorre em até 20%. A redução transoral é atualmente um método alternativo para reduzir a anastomose gastrojejunal. A gastrectomia vertical pode apresentar aumento de volume e do diâmetro do pouch , o qual podem ser reduzidos por meio de sutura total endoscópica longitudinal. Síndrome de dumping e episódios de hipoglicemia grave (neuroglicopenia) podem estar presentes nos pacientes com BGYR. Os episódios hipoglicêmicos devem ser avaliados e geralmente podem ser tratados convencionalmente. Para evitar pancreatectomia parcial ou conversão à anatomia normal, uma nova abordagem laparoscópica com ressecção do remanescente gástrico e interposição de jejuno, pode ser aplicada como alternativa em não-respondedores. Episódios de hipoglicemia melhoram, enquanto a perda de peso é mantida. Conclusão: Procedimentos revisionais endoscópicos podem ser aplicados após cirurgia bariátrica em pacientes com sintomas colaterais ou na falha do tratamento. Abordagens convencionais não-cirúrgicas devem ser aplicadas intensivamente antes que uma operação revisional seja indicada. Antigos procedimentos cirúrgicos revisionais complexos estão evoluindo para soluções endoscópicas menos complicadas.
Résumé
OBJECTIVE: Report the authorsÆ initial experience with hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy technique in renal donors for transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven donors submitted to hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy were retrospectively analyzed from February 2001 to June 2002. Technical aspects of the donor surgery, results, and complications, are discussed, as well as recipientÆs complications and outcomes. RESULTS: Among 27 hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomies, left kidney was withdrew in 18 donors (66.6 percent), and right kidney in 9 (33.3 percent). The operative time ranged from 55 to 210 minutes (mean 132.7 ± 37.6 min), and the time of hot ischemia ranged from 2 to 11 minutes (mean 4.7 ± 2.5 min), with an estimated mean blood loss during the intraoperative period of 133.3 mL. Conversion to open surgery was necessary for 1 (3.7 percent) patient due to vascular lesion. In graft evaluation, immediate diuresis was observed in 26 (96.3 percent) cases, and mean serum creatinine in PO day 7 was 1.5 ± 1.1 mg/dL. Renal vein thrombosis occurred in 1 (3.7 percent) patient requiring graft removal. Lymphocele was observed in 3 recipients (11.1 percent), and urinary leakage due to ureteral necrosis in 1 case (3.7 percent). CONCLUSION: Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in living donors is a safe procedure and an effective alternative to open nephrectomy. In this series, the procedure presented low morbidity after surgery providing to the recipient a good morphological and functional quality of the graft