Differentiation of Adenomyoma from Localized Adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater Using Multidetector CT

Purpose@#To determine the multidetector CT (MDCT) findings that differentiate adenomyoma of the ampulla of Vater (AOV) from localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV. @*Materials and Methods@#Sixteen and 30 patients with adenomyoma and localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV, respectively, were evaluated using MDCT. We analyzed the size and attenuation value and presence of uniform enhancement of the lesions, diameters of the extrahepatic bile duct (EHD) and main pancreatic duct, presence of regional lymph node enlargement, and laboratory findings. We determined the independent findings for differentiating adenomyoma from localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV using multivariate analysis. @*Results@#The size of the lesion and diameter of the EHD were significantly smaller for adenomyoma than those for localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV (all p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, a lesion size of ≤ 1.3 cm, an EHD diameter of ≤ 1.3 cm, and an alanine transaminase level of ≤ 31 IU/L significantly differentiated adenomyoma from localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV. When all of these three findings were met, the specificity for adenomyoma of the AOV was 93.3%. @*Conclusion@#MDCT imaging may facilitate the differential diagnosis of adenomyoma and localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV based on the size of the lesion and diameter of the EHD.

Differentiation of Adenomyoma from Localized Adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater Using Multidetector CT

Purpose@#To determine the multidetector CT (MDCT) findings that differentiate adenomyoma of the ampulla of Vater (AOV) from localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV. @*Materials and Methods@#Sixteen and 30 patients with adenomyoma and localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV, respectively, were evaluated using MDCT. We analyzed the size and attenuation value and presence of uniform enhancement of the lesions, diameters of the extrahepatic bile duct (EHD) and main pancreatic duct, presence of regional lymph node enlargement, and laboratory findings. We determined the independent findings for differentiating adenomyoma from localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV using multivariate analysis. @*Results@#The size of the lesion and diameter of the EHD were significantly smaller for adenomyoma than those for localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV (all p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, a lesion size of ≤ 1.3 cm, an EHD diameter of ≤ 1.3 cm, and an alanine transaminase level of ≤ 31 IU/L significantly differentiated adenomyoma from localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV. When all of these three findings were met, the specificity for adenomyoma of the AOV was 93.3%. @*Conclusion@#MDCT imaging may facilitate the differential diagnosis of adenomyoma and localized adenocarcinoma of the AOV based on the size of the lesion and diameter of the EHD.

The ABCs of Voiding Cystourethrography

Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) demonstrates the anatomy of the urinary system and is used to detect the presence/absence of vesicoureteral reflux. It is the most important modality for urological fluoroscopic examination in children. For improved patient care, it is important to understand and perform VCUG appropriately. Therefore, an in-depth review of VCUG protocols and techniques has been presented herein. In addition, tips, tricks, and pitfalls associated with the technique have also been addressed.

Unilateral Ureteric Entrapment within the Sacroiliac Joint Causing Unilateral Hydroureteronephrosis

Ureteric entrapment within the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is very rare. However, we experienced a case of a 77-year-old woman who presented with right hydronephrosis during a routine health check. Computed tomography and retrograde pyelography showed entrapment of the right ureter at the level of the SIJ, with a right proximal hydroureter, which was confirmed during surgery. Herein, we described this case and present a review of the literature on similar cases.

Predictors of the Frequency of Ethanol Injections for Renal Cyst Ablation: A Preliminary Study

PURPOSE@#To assess the factors facilitating the prediction of the frequency of ethanol injections in successful renal cyst ablation.@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#We retrospectively reviewed the computed tomography and ultrasonography scans of 37 renal cysts. Two radiologists evaluated the characteristics of the presenting renal cysts, including size, calcification, septation, and lobulated configuration. Patients were divided into an “above-four” group and “below-three” group, according to the number of ethanol injections.@*RESULTS@#Among the 37 renal cysts, six belonged to the “above-four” group and 31 to the “below-three” group. The mean volume of “above-four” group was 409.48 cc and that of the other group was 301.64 cc. Seven renal cysts included three belonging to the “above-four” group, which showed calcification. Twelve renal cysts presented a multilocular appearance with thin septa, and included a cyst classified under the “above-four” group. Three renal cysts had lobulated configuration, with one of them belonging to the “above-four” group.@*CONCLUSION@#No significant correlation was found among the different factors in the prediction of the frequency of renal cyst ablation. However, calcification was the most useful parameter for prediction of the number of renal cyst ablations needed.

A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall in the Differentiation of Hemorrhagic and Fatty Lesions Using Short Inversion Time Inversion Recovery: a Case Report

Short inversion time inversion recovery (STIR) is widely used for spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because the pulse sequence of STIR is insensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneity and can be used to scan a large field of view. In this case report, we present a case of spinal epidural hematoma with unexpected signal decrease on a STIR image. The MRI showed an epidural mass that appeared with high signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images. However, a signal decrease was encountered on the STIR image. This nonspecific decrease of signal in tissue with a short T1 relaxation time that is similar to that of fat (i.e., hemorrhage) could lead to a diagnostic pitfall; one could falsely diagnose this decrease of signal as fat instead of hemorrhage. Awareness of the nonselective signal suppression achieved with STIR pulse sequences may avert an erroneous diagnosis in image interpretation.

Infratentorial and Intraparenchymal Subependymoma in the Cerebellum: Case Report

Subependymomas are rare benign tumors located in the ventricular system. Intraparenchymal subependymoma is extremely rare; only 6 cases have been reported, and all were located in the supratentorial region. We describe a case of infratentorial, intraparenchymal subependymoma in a 28-year-old man with intermittent headache. Imaging revealed a well-demarcated cystic and solid cerebellar mass near the fourth ventricle. The mass had a microcystic component and calcification without contrast enhancement. Complete surgical excision was performed, and histopathology confirmed a subependymoma.

A Case of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Involving the Thyroid Gland: Ultrasonographic Finding

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare, proliferative monoclonal histiocytic disease of unknown cause. Primary involvement of the thyroid gland by LCH is very rare, and most cases show evidence of LCH involving other organs. Herein, we report on a case of thyroid LCH in a patient diagnosed as pituitary gland LCH. When a patient with a history of LCH presents with enlargement of the thyroid gland or a neck mass, and ultrasonography shows a well-defined low echoic mass, LCH should be included in differential diagnosis. Fine needle aspiration can be useful for initial diagnosis; however, for differentiation with thyroiditis or thyroid cancer, core biopsy, positive S-100 protein, and CD1a immunohistochemical staining are needed.

MR Imaging of Primary Retroperitoneal Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma in Pregnant Woman

Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a very rare malignancy. To date, 51 cases have been reported, including 3 in pregnant women. Herein, we report magnetic resonance findings of a 31-year-old Korean woman (15 weeks and 3 days pregnant) with primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. On abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a mass was identified in the retroperitoneal area with a nodular lesion showing heterogeneous signal intensity and focal wall thickening on T1- and T2-weighted images. Exploratory laparotomy and tumor excision were performed. Histological examination revealed primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. The patient subsequently underwent total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy for metastatic mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of both ovaries 15 months after her initial surgery.

Indirect Inguinal Hernia Containing the Uterus, Both Ovaries, and Fallopian Tubes in an Infant: A Case Report

In female infants, an inguinal hernia containing an ovary with or without Fallopian tubes is not uncommon. However, an inguinal hernia containing the entire uterus and both ovaries is extremely rare. Herein, we report on a case of an inguinal hernia containing the uterus, both ovaries, and both Fallopian tubes, diagnosed by ultrasonography. We discuss the case and review the relevant literature.

Usefulness of a Combined Approach of T1-Weighted, T2-Weighted, Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced, and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Prostate Cancer

PURPOSE: We evaluated the value of a combined approach of T1-weighted (T1W) imaging, T2-weighted (T2W) imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for the detection of prostate cancer and extracapsular extension (ECE) in patients with prostate cancer by using pathologic data after radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 2009 to December 2011, 126 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and prostate MRI for prostate cancer were analyzed retrospectively. The MRI findings were compared with the pathologic findings of the radical prostatectomy specimens in each patient. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the detection of prostate cancer and extracapsular extension were analyzed. RESULTS: The prostate cancer detection rate by use of T1W and T2W imaging, DCE-MRI, and their combination was 65.1%, 69.0%, and 80.2%, respectively (p=0.023). The detection rate using T1W and T2W imaging, DCE-MRI, DWI, and their combination was 57.7%, 65.4%, 67.3%, and 80.8%, respectively (p=0.086). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of combination MRI (T1W, T2W, and DCE-MRI) for ECE were 46.4%, 91.4%, 83.9%, and 68.1%, respectively. The sensitivity of combination MRI (T1W, T2W, and DCE-MRI) for ECE tended to increase as the prostate-specific antigen level rose (p=0.010). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of combination MRI (T1W, T2W, DCE-MRI, and DWI) for ECE were 65.0%, 87.5%, 76.5%, and 80.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A combined approach of T1W, T2W, and DCE-MRI with DWI demonstrated an accurate detection rate of prostate cancer. Also, combination approaches showed a high specificity for predicting ECE, although sensitivity was relatively lower. Therefore, these methods are reliable for predicting prostate cancer. However, a new protocol is necessary to enhance the sensitivity for predicting ECE.

Atypical Developmental Venous Anomaly Associated with Single Arteriovenous Fistula and Intracerebral Hemorrhage: a Case Demonstrated by Superselective Angiography

We present a case of developmental venous anomaly associated with arteriovenous fistula supplied by a single arterial feeder adjacent to a large acute intracerebral hemorrhage. The arteriovenous fistula was successfully obliterated by superselective embolization while completely preserving the developmental venous anomaly. Two similar cases, including superselective angiographic findings, have been reported in the literature; however, we describe herein superselective angiographic findings in more detail and demonstrate the arteriovenous shunt more clearly than the previous reports. In addition, a literature review was performed to discuss the association of a developmental venous anomaly with vascular lesions.

Unilateral Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter by Foreign Body in Urinary Bladder: A Case Report

Foreign bodies inserted through the urethra are often found in the urinary bladder. We presently report the first case of hydronephrosis and hydroureter due to direct compression in the urinary bladder by silicon, which had been introduced by the patient himself 2 yr prior to presentation with severe right flank pain. Computed tomography indicated a convoluted, high-attenuation mass in the urinary bladder; unilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter were also present due to direct compression by the mass. The foreign body was removed using a cystoscope. This foreign body was proven to be silicon.

Polypoid cystitis in an adult without history of catheterization

Polypoid cystitis is a benign exophytic mucosal lesion of the bladder. Differentiating it from papillary transitional cell carcinoma is difficult due to their similar characteristics. Although indwelling catheter is the main well-known cause of polypoid cystitis, some case reports unrelated to catheterization have been described. However, the radiological findings of polypoid cystitis have rarely been reported. We hereby describe polypoid cystitis in a 20-year-old man without a history of catheterization along with the computed tomographic findings

Sequential Magnetic Resonance Imaging Finding of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Abscess including Diffusion Weighted Image: a Case Report

Intramedullary spinal cord abscess (ISCA) is a rare infection of the central nervous system. We describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, including the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) findings, of ISCA in a 78-year-old man. The initial conventional MRI of the thoracic spine demonstrated a subtle enhancing nodule accompanied by significant edema. On the follow-up MRI after seven days, the nodule appeared as a ring-enhancing nodule. The non-enhancing central portion of the nodule appeared hyperintense on DWI with a decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value on the ADC map. We performed myelotomy and surgical drainage, and thick, yellowish pus was drained.

Gastroduodenal Intussusception Caused by a Peutz-Jeghers Polyp in a Young Child: A Case Report

Gastroduodenal intussusception is a rare condition caused by the prolapse of a gastric tumor with subsequent invagination of a portion of the gastric wall into the duodenum. Various gastric lesions including adenoma, lipoma, leiomyoma, hamartoma, adenocarcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and as in our case a Peutz-Jeghers polyp, can serve as a lead point of intussusception. Only three cases of gastroduodenal intussusception secondary to a Peutz-Jeghers polyp have been reported. We experienced a case of gastroduodenal intussusception in a 36-month-old boy who presented with intermittent nonbilious vomiting, abdominal pain, and anemia. An abdominal ultrasound and contrast enhanced CT scan showed gastrointestinal intussusception and a mass-like lesion in the second portion of duodenum. A laparotomy revealed a 7x8 cm sized mass at the gastric body, which was pathologically confirmed as a Peutz-Jeghers polyp.

Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn: A Case Report

Subcutaneous fat necrosis in the newborn is an uncommon transient disorder of the subcutaneous adipose tissue that develops after birth. We describe the characteristic ultrasonography and CT findings of a case of pathologically confirmed subcutaneous fat necrosis located at the subcutaneous fat layer of the neck, back, and shoulders with a review of the literature.

Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Anterior Diaphragm: Evaluation with 64-slice MDCT

PURPOSE: To re-evaluate the appearance of the anterior diaphragm by the use of MDCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 81 consecutive patients that underwent chest CT by using 64 channel MDCT. We classified the anterior diaphragm as three types (types 1-3) based on 5 mm axial scans: a line behind the xiphoid, a discontinuity and opening anteriorly, and the presence of broad and poorly defined bands. We also classified the anterior diaphragm as three types (types A-C) using 2 mm sagittal reformation images, based on the shape of the anterior diaphragmatic fibers traveling from the base of the pericardium to the xiphoid: a downward slope, an upward slope, and a flat shape, and compared the two groups using a correlation determined by statistical analysis. RESULTS: We could classify the appearance of the anterior diaphragm for all cases on the axial scans and sagittal reformation images. The number of types 1, 2, 3 on the axial scans was 30.9%, 38.3%, and 30.9% and the number of types A, B, C on the sagittal reformation images was 33.3%, 22.2%, and 44.4%, respectively. Type A was seen for 92% of type 1 cases, type C was seen for 88% of type 3 cases, and type B was seen for 54.8% of type 2 cases. The types seen between the axial and sagittal reformation images showed a significant agreement (r=0.868, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The shape of the anterior diaphragm correlated with the relationship between the base of the pericardium and the xiphoid.