A hiatus in the rivalry between Pierre Marie and Jules Dejerine: a collaborative study on sensory disorders by Andre Pierre Marie and Gustave Roussy / Uma pausa na rivalidade entre Pierre Marie e Jules Dejerine: um estudo colaborativo sobre desordens sensoriais por André Pierre Marie e Gustave Roussy

Abstract Personal and professional rivalries involving prominent neurologists mark the history of nineteenth-century French neurology. One of the great examples is the feud between Pierre Marie and Jules Dejerine. The dispute between the two, nevertheless, did not prevent Pierre Marie's son, André Marie, and Gustave Roussy - one of Dejerine's favorite pupils, from collaborating on significant research that led to the doctoral dissertation by Andre Marie regarding sensory disturbances associated with painful hemiagnosia found in thalamic lesions.

Resumo As rivalidades pessoais e profissionais entre neurologistas proeminentes marcaram a história da neurologia francesa do século XIX. Um dos grandes exemplos é a rivalidade entre Pierre Marie e Jules Dejerine. A disputa entre os dois, no entanto, não impediu que o filho de Pierre Marie, André Marie, e Gustave Roussy, um dos pupilos preferidos de Dejerine, colaborassem numa investigação significativa que resultou na tese de doutorado de André Marie sobre os distúrbios sensoriais associados à hemiagnosia dolorosa encontrada nas lesões talâmicas.

Fulgence Raymond: from rural life and veterinary medicine to Charcot's successor at La Salpêtrière Hospital / Fulgence Raymond: da vida no campo e medicina veterinária para a sucessão de Charcot no Hospital de La Salpêtrière

Abstract This paper provides a historical overview of Professor Fulgence Raymond, Charcot's eldest pupil, who was chosen as his successor. It explores Raymond's origins as a veterinary surgeon, his evolution as a neurologist under Charcot's mentorship, and his tenure as the professor's successor at the La Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, France, from 1894 to 1910.

Resumo O presente artigo oferece um perfil histórico do professor Fulgence Raymond, que foi o pupilo mais velho do Professor Jean-Martin Charcot, é apresentado, destacando-se a origem de Raymond como cirurgião veterinário, sua carreira como médico neurologista sob supervisão de Charcot e, finalmente, a sua atuação como sucessor do professor, na cadeira de doenças do sistema nervoso do Hospital de La Salpêtrière, em Paris, França, entre os anos de 1894 e 1910.

Charcot's Russian pupils / Os pupilos russos de Charcot

Abstract The establishment of Russian neurology in the late 19th century was significantly shaped by the neurology department at La Salpêtrière Hospital under Professor Jean-Martin Charcot's leadership. A group of Russian neurologists, guided by Professor Kozhevnikov and featuring his disciples such as Korsakov, Minor, Darkshevich, and Bekhterev, had the privilege of being mentored by Professor Charcot. Subsequently, they played pivotal roles in founding various neurology services in Russia, greatly influenced by the teachings and insights they acquired under Charcot's tutelage.

Resumo A criação da neurologia russa no final do século XIX foi significativamente moldada pelo departamento de neurologia do Hospital La Salpêtrière, sob a direção do Professor Jean-Martin Charcot. Um grupo de neurologistas russos, orientado pelo Professor Kozhevnikov e com discípulos como Korsakov, Minor, Darkshevich e Bekhterev, teve o privilégio de ser orientado pelo Professor Charcot. Posteriormente, desempenharam papéis fundamentais na fundação de vários serviços de neurologia na Rússia, muito influenciados pelos ensinamentos e conhecimentos que adquiriram sob a tutela de Charcot.

François Rabelais and his dystonic giants / François Rabelais e seus gigantes distônicos

Abstract Spasmodic torticollis was an early designation used for cervical dystonia. The origin of this name is attributed to French physician and writer François Rabelais in the mid-sixteenth century. This early description of torticollis in the book Pantagruel was an inspiration for the understanding of cervical dystonia. The art expressed in Rabelais' literature - which was immortalized by the drawings of Gustave Doré - influenced poetry, art, and photography, and led to the adoption of the term torticollis in the neurological sciences.

Resumo Uma designação inicial usada para distonia cervical era torcicolo espasmódico. A origem desse termo é atribuída ao médico e escritor francês François Rabelais em meados do século XVI. Essa descrição inicial do torcicolo no livro Pantagruel foi uma inspiração para a compreensão da distonia cervical. A arte exibida na literatura de Rabelais - imortalizada pelos desenhos de Gustave Doré - influenciou a poesia, a arte e a fotografia, e levou à adoção do termo torcicolo nas ciências neurológicas.

Jean-Martin Charcot: the polymath / Jean-Martin Charcot: o polímata

Abstract Jean-Martin Charcot, widely regarded as a leading founder of modern neurology, made substantial contributions to the understanding and characterization of numerous medical conditions. His initial focus was on internal medicine, later expanding to include neuropathology, general neurology, and eventually emerging fields such as neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry. Furthermore, Charcot's intellectual pursuits extended beyond medicine, encompassing research in art history, medical iconography, sociology, religious studies, and the arts, solidifying his status as a polymath.

Resumo Jean-Martin Charcot, amplamente considerado como um proeminente fundador da neurologia moderna, fez contribuições substanciais para a compreensão e a caracterização de várias condições médicas. Seu foco inicial era a medicina interna, expandindo-se posteriormente para incluir a neuropatologia, a neurologia geral e, por fim, campos emergentes como a neuropsicologia e a neuropsiquiatria. Além disso, as buscas intelectuais de Charcot foram além da medicina, abrangendo pesquisas em história da arte, iconografia médica, sociologia, estudos religiosos e artes, solidificando seu status de polímata.

Whole genome sequence analysis of the first reported isolate of Salmonella Agona carrying blaCTX-M-55 gene in Brazil

This study analyzes the genomic findings of the first report of Salmonella isolate carrying the blaCTX-M-55 gene, recovered from a bacteremic patient from Brazil. A bacterial isolate positive for the blaCTX-M-55 gene was submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion and epsilometric test. Whole genome sequencing was performed using Illumina technology. Conjugation assay was performed; plasmid sizes determined by S1-PFGE and plasmid content were investigated by hybrid assembly after MinION long reads sequencing. Isolate 288_18 was identified as sequence type ST13, resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam. A transferable IncFII plasmid sized approximately 67 kb was found to carry the blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-55 in a module consisting of IS26-blaTEM-1B-WbuC-blaCTX-M-55-IS26. In addition, an 117 kb IncI1plasmid was also identified in the 288_18 isolate, but without additional resistance genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of blaCTX-M-55 in Salmonella isolated from human infection in Brazil. The occurrence of blaCTX-M-55 in the IncFII epidemic plasmid in a relevant clinical human isolate of Salmonella Agona underscores the urgent need for enhanced and effective continuous surveillance for controlling its dissemination.

Diagnostic accuracy of uroflowmetry parameters to predict infravesical obstruction / Exactitud diagnóstica de los parámetros de la flujometría para predecir la obstrucción infravesical

Objective: to evaluate the performance statistics of average flow (Qave), voiding time (Vtime), and time to maximum flow (TQmax), in addition to maximum flow (Qmax), for diagnosis of infravesical obstruction. Methods: we reviewed urodynamic studies performed in men > 40 years. Obstruction was considered a grade 3-6 in the Schäfer nomogram. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR-), and the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated for the different components of free uroflowmetry. Results: we analyzed 432 studies. Patients with obstruction had lower values of Qmax and Qave, and higher values of Vtime and TQmax. Considering different thresholds, Qmax had sensitivity, specificity, LR + and LR- values of 12-83%, 50-97%, 1.7-4.46 and 0.32-0.9, respectively; Qave had sensitivity, specificity, LR + and LR- values of 65-95%, 21-66%, 1.22-1.94 and 0.19-0.53, respectively; Vtime had sensitivity, specificity, LR + and LR- values of 49-85%, 26-67%, 1.15-1.54, and 0.57-0.74, respectively; TQmax had a sensitivity, specificity, LR + and LR- of 36-81%, 22-72%, 1.04-1.33 and 0.85-0.87, respectively. The areas under the ROC curves for Qmax, Qave, Vtime and TQmax were 0.75 (95% CI = 0.71-0.79, p < 0.001), 0.71 (95% CI = 0.66-0.75, p < 0.001), 0.62 (95% CI = 0.57-0.67, p < 0.001) and 0.55 (95% CI = 0.5-0.6, p = 0.03), respectively. Conclusions: Qave, Vtime, and TQmax showed a statistically significant discriminatory capacity to predict infravesical obstruction, and therefore they have clinical value as a complement to the information provided by Qmax.

Objetivo: evaluar las estadísticas de desempeño del flujo promedio (Qave), el tiempo de evacuación (Vtime) y el tiempo hasta el flujo máximo (TQmax), además del flujo máximo (Qmax), para el diagnóstico de obstrucción infravesical. Métodos: revisamos urodinamias realizadas en hombres > 40 años. La obstrucción se consideró un grado 3-6 en el nomograma de Schäfer. Se calcularon la sensibilidad, la especificidad, la razón de verosimilitud positiva (LR +), la razón de verosimilitud negativa (LR-) y la curva característica operativa del receptor (ROC) para los diferentes componentes de la flujometría libre. Resultados: analizamos 443 estudios. Los pacientes con obstrucción tenían valores más bajos de Qmax y Qave, y valores más altos de Vtime y TQmax. Considerando diferentes umbrales, el Qmax tuvo valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, LR + y LR- de 12-83%, 50-97%, 1.7-4.46 y 0.32-0.9, respectivamente; Qave tuvo valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, LR + y LR- de 65-95%, 21-66%, 1.22-1.94 y 0.19-0.53, respectivamente; Vtime tuvo valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, LR + y LR- de 49-85%, 26-67%, 1.15-1.54 y 0.57-0.74, respectivamente; TQmax tuvo una sensibilidad, especificidad, LR + y LR- de 36-81%, 22-72%, 1.04-1.33 y 0.85-0.87, respectivamente. Las áreas bajo las curvas ROC para Qmax, Qave, Vtime y TQmax fueron 0,75 (95% CI = 0.71-0.79, p < 0,001), 0.71 (95% CI = 0.66-0.75, p < 0,001), 0.62 (95% CI = 0.57-0.67, p < 0,001) y 0.55 (95% CI = 0.5-0.6, p = 0.03), respectivamente. Conclusiones: Qave, Vtime y TQmax mostraron una capacidad discriminatoria estadísticamente significativa para predecir la obstrucción infravesical, por lo que tienen valor clínico como complemento de la información proporcionada por el Qmax.

The expulsion of Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke from the Salpêtrière Hospital: Pierre Marie's revenge / A expulsão de Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke do hospital Salpêtrière: a vingança de Pierre Marie

Abstract Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke was ahead of her time, with extensive contributions to the field of neuroanatomy and neurology, achieving international recognition. Despite her great contribution to world neurology, she was expelled from the Salpêtrière hospital in 1917, due to the rivalry and mutual hatred between Pierre Marie and his rival Jules Déjerine, her husband and collaborator.

Resumo Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke era uma pessoa à frente de seu tempo, com extensas contribuições para o campo da neuroanatomia e neurologia, alcançando reconhecimento internacional. Apesar de sua grande contribuição para a neurologia mundial, ela foi expulsa do hospital Salpêtrière em 1917, devido à grande rivalidade e ódio mútuo entre Pierre Marie e seu rival Jules Dejerine.

Thomas Willis' legacy on the 400th anniversary of his birth / O legado de Thomas Willis no 400° aniversário de seu nascimento

Abstract To celebrate the 400th anniversary of the birth of Thomas Willis, his main contributions to the development of neurosciences, in particular neurology, are presented. Willis coined the term neurology and contributed significantly to the field of neuroanatomy, with the description of the arterial circle—located at the base of the brain—, which bears his name. He also described the striatum and cranial nerves. Furthermore, as a clinical neurologist, Willis participated in the description of various diseases, including myasthenia gravis and restless legs syndrome.

Resumo Na comemoração dos 400 anos de nascimento de Thomas Willis, são apresentadas as suas principais contribuições para o desenvolvimento das neurociências, em particular a neurologia. Willis cunhou o termo neurologia, contribuiu significativamente na área de neuroanatomia, com a descrição do círculo arterial localizado na base do cérebro, que tem o seu nome, além da descrição do corpo estriado, e de nervos cranianos. Da mesma forma, como neurologista clínico, Willis participou da descrição de várias doenças como a miastenia gravis e da síndrome das pernas inquietas, entre outras doenças.

"I'm gonna lose my strength, I'm gonna seize and die, And all that Jazz"! Neurological diseases in jazz legends / "I'm gonna lose my strength, I'm gonna seize and die, And all that Jazz"! Doenças neurológicas em lendas do jazz

ABSTRACT Even though jazz is a musical style that excels in improvisation and virtuosity, it is not without its share of anecdotes, drama, and downright tragedy, and the biographies of jazz musicians and their demise are fraught with ominous and dire straits. Unsurprisingly, some would develop chronic and fatal diseases. The neurological diseases that afflicted the following six composers and musicians, all of whom are considered jazz legends, are briefly discussed: Charles Mingus, diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Lester Young and Charlie Parker, both diagnosed with neurosyphilis; Thelonius Monk, who had possible frontotemporal dementia; George Gershwin, who died as a result of brain glioma; and Cole Porter, who developed phantom limb pain following an amputation. The association of lifestyles, with drug abuse, particularly alcohol and heroin, in addition to great sexual promiscuity factors contributed to the development of a series of diseases such as syphilis. In addition, we also described some fatalities such as neurodegenerative diseases and cerebral glioma.

RESUMO Embora o jazz seja um estilo musical que prima pela improvisação e pelo virtuosismo, não é isento de drama e tragédia, e as biografias dos músicos de jazz e a sua morte estão repletas de dificuldades sinistras e terríveis. Alguns desenvolveriam doenças crônicas e fatais. São brevemente discutidas as doenças neurológicas que afligiram os seguintes seis compositores e músicos, todos eles considerados lendas do jazz: Charles Mingus, diagnosticado com esclerose lateral amiotrófica; Lester Young e Charlie Parker, ambos com neurosífilis; Thelonius Monk, que teve uma possível demência frontotemporal; George Gershwin, que morreu em decorrência de glioma cerebral; e Cole Porter, que desenvolveu dor de membro fantasma após uma amputação. A associação do estilo de vida com o abuso de drogas, particularmente álcool e heroína, além de promiscuidade sexual, contribuiu para o desenvolvimento de uma série de doenças, por exemplo, a sífilis. Também descrevemos algumas fatalidades, como doenças neurodegenerativas e glioma cerebral.

The importance of the Brazilian Society of Neurological Investigation (SBIN) / A importância da Sociedade Brasileira de Investigação Neurológica (SBIN)

The Brazilian Society of Neurological Research (SBIN) was founded on December 19, 2000, by a group of neurol-ogists headed by Professor Lineu César Werneck, MD, Ph.D., to promote scientific development and cultural diver-sity in neurology and neurosciences. The criteria for members' admission have always been strict, and the group reached 80% of physicians with a Ph.D. degree. However, the conditions to become a member were modified to attract more researchers, especially the younger ones, and neuroscientists from other areas of health and biology. The scientific events were the primary goal of SBIN. Eighteen editions were performed. The board and members of the SBIN recognized that the Brazilian Academy of Neurology, and the other societies that encouraged the neuro-sciences, were working to continue the exponential increase of scientific production in the neurosciences in Brazil, realizing that their purposes were fulfilled. The society was dissolved in December 2020 (AU)

A Sociedade Brasileira de Investigação Neurológica (SBIN) foi fundada em 19 de dezembro de 2000 por um grupo de neurologistas capitaneados pelo Prof. Dr. Lineu César Werneck, com a finalidade de promover o desenvolvimento científico e cultural na neurologia e nas neurociências. Os critérios de admissão de membros sempre foram rígi-dos, tendo o grupo alcançado 80% de médicos com doutorado. Entretanto, as condições para se tornar membro foram modificadas com a intenção de atrair mais pesquisadores, principalmente os mais jovens, e neurocientistas de outras áreas da saúde e da biologia. Os eventos científicos foram o objetivo maior da SBIN. Foram realizadas 18 edições. A diretoria e os membros da SBIN reconheceram que a Academia Brasileira de Neurologia, e as outras sociedades de incentivo às neurociências, estavam trabalhando para a continuidade do aumento exponencial da produção científica em ciências neurológicas no Brasil, compreendendo que seus propósitos estavam cumpridos. A sociedade se desfez em dezembro de 202 (AU)

Functionality and disease severity in spinocerebellar ataxias / Relação entre a função e a gravidade nas ataxias espinocerebelares

ABSTRACT Background: Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by deterioration of balance and functionality that tends to follow disease progression. There is no established link between formal clinical markers for severity and functional/balance scores that could guide rehabilitation teams. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between functional scales and ataxia severity in order to identify cutoff landmarks for functional loss and estimate the mean SARA (Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia) score for the risk ratings for falls on the BBS (Berg Balance Scale). Methods: Consecutive patients with a molecular diagnosis of SCA (total 89: 31 with SCA2 and 58 with SCA3) were assessed for functionality FIM-ADL (Functional Independence Measure-activities of daily living and Lawton-IADL (instrumental activities of daily living), balance (BBS) and disease severity (SARA). Results: The main disability cutoff landmarks were that the need for supervision for FIM-ADL starts with 12 points on SARA and the need for supervision for Lawton-IADL starts with 14 points on SARA. The first items to require assistance were "expression" and "shopping", respectively. At 20 points on SARA, patients were dependent on all FIM and Lawton items. The item with the greatest impact on distinguishing dependents from independents was "means of transport" in Lawton-IADL and the domain "locomotion" in FIM-ADL. The mean SARA score for patients classified as low risk in the BBS was 9.9 points, and it was 17.4 for medium risk and 25.2 for high risk. Conclusions: Analysis on the correlation between the severity of ataxia and functional scales can form an important guide for understanding the progression of functional dependence among individuals with SCAs.

RESUMO Antecedentes: As ataxias espinocerebelares (SCA) são um grupo de doenças neurodegenerativas caracterizadas pela deterioração do equilíbrio e da funcionalidade, que tende a acompanhar a progressão da doença. Não existe uma ligação estabelecida entre os marcadores clínicos formais de gravidade e escores funcionais e de equilíbrio que possam orientar as equipes de reabilitação. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre escalas funcionais e de gravidade da ataxia, buscando identificar pontos de corte para a perda funcional relacionados aos escores de gravidade e aos patamares de Risco de Quedas. Métodos: Uma amostra consecutiva de 89 pacientes com diagnóstico molecular de SCA (31-SCA2 e 58-SCA3) foram avaliados para funcionalidade MIF-AVDs (Medida de independência funcional-Atividades da vida diária) e Lawton-AIVDs (Atividades instrumentais da vida diária), equilíbrio (EEB-escala de Equilíbrio de Berg), e gravidade da ataxia (SARA-escala para avaliação e graduação de ataxia). Resultados: Os principais pontos de corte de deficiência foram: com 12 pontos no SARA começa a necessidade de supervisão para MIF-AVDs e com 14 pontos no SARA começa a necessidade de supervisão para Lawton-AIVDs. Os primeiros itens a necessitar de assistência foram "expressão" e "compras", respectivamente. Com 20 pontos no SARA os pacientes eram dependentes em todos os itens MIF/LAWTON. O item com maior impacto na discriminação entre dependentes e independentes foi "meio de transporte" na Lawton e o domínio "locomoção" na MIF. O escore médio no SARA foi de 9,9 pontos para pacientes classificados com baixo risco na EEB, 17,4 para médio risco e 25,2 para alto risco. Conclusões: A análise da correlação entre a gravidade da ataxia e as escalas funcionais pode ser um importante guia no entendimento da progressão da dependência funcional em indivíduos com SCA.

Salmonella enterica serotypes from human and nonhuman sources in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 2004-2020

ABSTRACT Salmonellosis ranks among the most frequently reported zoonosis worldwide and is often associated with foodborne outbreaks. Since the 1950s, the distribution of Salmonella serotypes in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, has been documented and periodically reported. In this study, we updated the data on the distribution of Salmonella serotypes received in our reference laboratory, isolated from human infections and nonhuman sources, from 2004 to 2020. In that period, a total of 9,014 Salmonella isolates were analyzed, of which 3,553 (39.4%) were recovered from human samples, mainly of stool (65%) and blood (25.6%), and 5,461 (60.6%) were isolated from nonhuman origins, such as animals (47.2%), food (27.7%) and animal environments (18.6%). In human isolates, a total of 104 serotypes were identified and the most frequent ones were Enteritidis, Typhimurium, S . I. 4,[5],12:i:-, Dublin and Typhi. A consistent reduction of the Enteritidis proportion was observed over the years. Among the 156 serotypes identified in isolates with nonhuman origins, Enteritidis, Mbandaka, Typhimurium, Agona and Anatum were ranked as the top five Salmonella serotypes; in more recent years, S . Heidelberg has increased in frequency. Although with different proportions, the top 10 prevalent serotypes were identified in both human and nonhuman origins, underscoring the role of animals, food products and environment as reservoirs of Salmonella with potential to cause human salmonellosis.

Constantin von Economo´s 90th death anniversary / O 90º aniversário da morte de Constantin von Economo

ABSTRACT The year of 2021 marks 90 year since the death of the neuroscientist Constantin von Economo, whose research in various areas was extremely relevant for the field of neurology. He described lethargic epidemic encephalitis, published an atlas of the cytoarchitecture of the human cerebral cortex, and conducted multiple studies in neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and clinical neurology. Von Economo's genius extended into other nonmedical fields such as aeronautics, and he had renowned artistic skills.

RESUMO O ano de 2021 marca o 90° aniversário da morte do neurocientista Constantin von Economo, ou Constantin Freiherr (Barão) von Economo. Von Economo realizou várias pesquisas de grande relevo na área da neurologia, com a descrição da encefalite letárgica epidêmica, a publicação do atlas sobre a citoarquitetura do córtex cerebral humano, além dos seus múltiplos estudos em neuroanatomia, neurofisiologia, bem como na neurologia clínica. A genialidade de von Economo se estendeu para outras áreas não médicas, com o seu grande interesse em aeronáutica, como piloto de avião, além dos seus reconhecidos dotes artísticos.

SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a healthcare professional in inner Sao Paulo during the first wave of COVID-19 in Brazil

Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic remains a threat to public health. We report 2 cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection in the same healthcare professional in Brazil. Genomic analysis identified that primoinfection was caused by the endemic lineage B.1.1.33 while reinfection by the lineage B.1.1.44, a lineage with an additional V1176F mutation in S protein.

Tribute to Professor Andrew J. Lees / Tributo ao Professor Andrew J. Lees

Abstract Professor Andrew John Lees, from the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, a neurological hospital in Queen Square, London, UK, has contributed in a stupendous way to the development of the field of movement disorders in Brazil, with a constant and intense participation in numerous congresses and scientific meetings of this specialty since 1983.

Resumo O professor Andrew Lees, do National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, Londres, Reino Unido, tem contribuído de maneira estupenda para o desenvolvimento da área dos distúrbios do movimento no Brasil, com uma participação constante e intensa em inúmeros congressos e encontros científicos desta especialidade, desde o ano de 1983.

Neurology, psychiatry and the chess game: a narrative review / Neurologia, psiquiatria e o jogo de xadrez: uma revisão narrativa

Abstract The chess game comprises different domains of cognitive function, demands great concentration and attention and is present in many cultures as an instrument of literacy, learning and entertainment. Over the years, many effects of the game on the brain have been studied. Seen that, we reviewed the current literature to analyze the influence of chess on cognitive performance, decision-making process, linking to historical neurological and psychiatric disorders as we describe different diseases related to renowned chess players throughout history, discussing the influences of chess on the brain and behavior.

Resumo O jogo de xadrez compreende diferentes domínios da função cognitiva, exige grande concentração e atenção e está presente em muitas culturas como instrumento de alfabetização, aprendizado e entretenimento. Ao longo dos anos, muitos efeitos do jogo no cérebro foram estudados. Dessa forma, revisamos a literatura atual para analisar a influência do xadrez no desempenho cognitivo, no processo de tomada de decisão, vinculando-a a distúrbios neurológicos e psiquiátricos históricos ao descrevermos diferentes doenças relacionadas a renomados jogadores de xadrez ao longo da história, discutindo as influências do xadrez no cérebro e no comportamento.

Assessment of ventilatory function in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 / Avaliação da função ventilatória em pacientes com ataxia espinocerebelar tipo 2

Abstract Subclinical ventilatory dysfunction is observed in individuals with spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). No studies have correlated ventilatory dysfunction to clinical and functional decline in SCA2. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the values of peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and presence of respiratory complaints with age, disease duration, age at onset of symptoms, balance scores, independence in basic (ADL) and instrumental (IADL) Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), and severity of ataxia (SARA) in individuals with SCA2. Methods: Cross-sectional study evaluating age, disease duration, age at onset of symptoms, scores in the Berg Balance Scale and in the SARA, Functional Independence Measure and Lawton's scale, values of PEF and MIP, and the presence of respiratory complaints. Results: The study included 36 individuals with SCA2, with a mean age of 42.5±2.4 years, disease duration of 7.6±8.2 years, age 33.7±11.5 years at onset of symptoms, and 9.9±10.3 points in the SARA scale. The lowest PEF values correlated with the longer disease duration (p=0.021). The lowest values of PEF and MIP correlated with greater balance impairment (p=0.019 and p=0.045, respectively), increased degree of dependence in the ADL (p=0.006 and p=0.050, respectively) and IADL (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively) scales, and highest severity of ataxia (p=0.00 and p=0.017, respectively). Respiratory complaints were observed in 12 (33.3%) individuals and were not related to age, disease duration, age at onset of symptoms, balance, independence, ataxia severity, or PEF and MIP values. Conclusion: Ventilatory dysfunction, even when asymptomatic, is related to balance impairment, independence, and ataxia severity in individuals with SCA2.

Resumo Disfunção ventilatória subclínica tem sido observada em indivíduos com ataxias espinocerebelares (SCA). Não existem estudos relacionando disfunção ventilatória ao declínio clínico e funcional na SCA2. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação dos valores de Pico de Fluxo Expiratório (PFE), Pressão Inspiratória Máxima (PIMAX) e presença de queixas respiratórias com idade, tempo de doença, idade de início dos sintomas, escore de equilíbrio, independência para atividades básicas (AVD) e instrumentais (AIVD) de vida diária e gravidade da ataxia (SARA) em indivíduos com SCA2. Métodos: Estudo transversal, considerando: idade, tempo de doença, idade de início dos sintomas, escores nas Escalas SARA, Equilíbrio de Berg, Medida da Independência Funcional e de Lawton, valores de PFE, PIMAX e queixas respiratórias. Resultados: Foram avaliados 36 indivíduos com SCA2 com média de 42,5±2,4) anos de idade, 7,6±8,2 anos de tempo de doença, 33,7±11,5 anos de idade de início dos sintomas e 9,9±10,3 pontos na escala SARA. Os menores valores de PFE estiveram relacionados ao maior tempo de doença (p=0,021). Os menores valores de PFE e PIMAX estiveram relacionados ao maior comprometimento do equilíbrio (p=0,019; p=0,045, respectivamente), maior dependência para ADV (p=0,006; p=0,050, respectivamente) e AIVD (p=0,003; p=0,001, respectivamente) e maior gravidade da ataxia (p=0,006; p=0,017, respectivamente). Foram observadas queixas respiratórias em 12 (33,3%) indivíduos que não estiveram relacionadas à idade, idade de início dos sintomas, tempo de doença, equilíbrio, independência, gravidade da ataxia, ou valores de PFE e PIMAX. Conclusão: A disfunção ventilatória, mesmo quando assintomática, está relacionada ao comprometimento do equilíbrio, à independência e à gravidade da ataxia em indivíduos com SCA2.

Overcoming bashfulness: how cocaine aided Freud to summon the courage to meet Charcot / Superando a timidez: como a cocaína ajudou Freud reunir coragem para se encontrar com Charcot

ABSTRACT Jean-Martin Charcot, the most celebrated neurologist of the 19th century, had a profound influence on Sigmund Freud's career. Freud spent the winter of 1885-1886 working in Charcot's neurology department in Paris. During this period, he went to Charcot's house on several occasions to participate in the very famous Tuesday soirées under the guidance of Gilles de la Tourette. Freud was always very proud to be invited and curious to meet the Parisian intellectual elite. On these occasions, however, he was very apprehensive and made frequent use of cocaine. Due to anxiety and the need to appear creative in front of Charcot, it is possible that Freud used cocaine at other times.

RESUMO Jean-Martin Charcot, o neurologista mais célebre do século XIX, teve uma influência profunda na carreira de Sigmund Freud. Freud visitou o Departamento de Neurologia do Hospital Salpêtrière, em Paris, chefiado pelo professor Charcot, durante o inverno de 1885-1886. Durante este período, ele foi várias vezes à casa de Charcot para participar dos famosos saraus de terça-feira, sob a orientação de GiUes de la Tourette. Nessas ocasiões, Freud ficava sempre muito orgulhoso pelo convite, curioso por encontrar a elite intelectual Parisiense, mas também muito apreensivo, e fazia uso frequente de cocaína. Devido à ansiedade e à necessidade de aparentar-se produtivo diante de Charcot, é possível que Freud tenha usado cocaína outras vezes.