Résumé
A recurrent misdiagnosed case of congenital left renal arteriovenous fistula (RAVF) with multiple left renal arteries and scoliosis was reported. The patient was admitted to hospital on 29 August 2020 due to repeated hematuria for one year. No abnormality was found in two flexible ureteroscope examinations, imaging and laboratory examinations after admission. It was found that the structure of blood vessels in the inferior pole of renal sinus was disordered, and the blood vessels were tortuous and clustered through careful reading of CT enhancement films. The dilated tortuous blood vessels were also seen around the renal pelvis, and hematuria was considered to be caused by renal vascular malformation. In order to confirm the etiology, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of renal artery was performed. DSA showed a congenital left renal RAVF with three renal arteries, and the arteriovenous fistula of renal arteries was embolized. For patients presenting with severe gross hematuria, if tumor, stone, tuberculosis, or coagulation abnormalities were excluded by conventional imaging and/or laboratory examination the possibility of congenital renal vascular malformation should be suspected, and DSA examination should be performed. Endovascular embolization is an effective treatment for congenital RAVF.