Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related complications: risk stratification, prevention, and management

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) plays a crucial role in the management of pancreaticobiliary disorders. Although the ERCP technique has been refined over the past five decades, it remains one of the endoscopic procedures with the highest rate of complications. Risk factors for ERCP-related complications are broadly classified into patient-, procedure-, and operator-related risk factors. Although non-modifiable, patient-related risk factors allow for the closer monitoring and instatement of preventive measures. Post-ERCP pancreatitis is the most common complication of ERCP. Risk reduction strategies include intravenous hydration, rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and pancreatic stent placement in selected patients. Perforation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and prompt recognition and treatment of ERCP-related perforations are key to ensuring good clinical outcomes. Endoscopy plays an expanding role in the treatment of perforations. Specific management strategies depend on the location of the perforation and the patient’s clinical status. The risk of post-ERCP bleeding can be attenuated by preprocedural optimization and adoption of intra-procedural techniques. Endoscopic measures are the mainstay of management for post-ERCP bleeding. Escalation to angioembolization or surgery may be required for refractory bleeding. Post-ERCP cholangitis can be reduced with antibiotic prophylaxis in high risk patients. Bile culture-directed therapy plays an important role in antimicrobial treatment.

Clinical guidance on endoscopic management of colonic polyps in Singapore

Colonoscopy with endoscopic resection of detected colonic adenomas interrupts the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer and cancer-related mortality. In the past decade, there have been significant developments in instruments and techniques for endoscopic polypectomy. Guidelines have been formulated by various professional bodies in Europe, Japan and the United States, but some of the recommendations differ between the various bodies. An expert professional workgroup under the auspices of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, was set up to provide guidance on the endoscopic management of colonic polyps in Singapore. A total of 23 recommendations addressed the following issues: accurate description and diagnostic evaluation of detected polyps; techniques to reduce the risk of post-polypectomy bleeding and delayed perforation; the role of specific endoscopic resection techniques; the histopathological criteria for defining endoscopic cure; and the role of surveillance colonoscopy following curative resection.

Testing And Treating Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an important pathogen in the stomach which can cause chronic inflammation, predisposing patients to peptic ulcer disease. It is also a class 1 human carcinogen, increasing the risk of gastric carcinoma. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to be effective in the prevention of peptic ulcer disease as well as gastric carcinoma. Singapore is an intermediate-risk area for gastric cancer, and the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection is 31 percent. Testing for H. pylori consists of non-invasive tests such as H. pylori serology, stool antigen assay, and the urea breath test, as well as invasive tests requiring oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD) and biopsies for the rapid urease test, histology, and cultures. Stool antigen assay represents a more accurate non-invasive outpatient test for H. pylori at slightly increased cost in the primary care setting, as positive H. pylori serology does not necessarily imply active infection. Triple therapy remains an effective first-line eradication treatment in Singapore from studies of H. pylori resistance locally. Treatment failures should be retreated with quadruple therapy or other strategies such as concomitant therapy, hybrid therapy and sequential therapy.