Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus: an emergent cause of meningoencephalitis in Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT This study describes an outbreak of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infections that caused meningoencephalitis and bacteremia related to unpasteurized milk consumption in northeastern Brazil. Epidemiological investigations and a brief literature review were conducted. Strains with possible neurotropism had not been identified in Brazil before these cases; however, in 2023, another case of meningoencephalitis caused by Streptococcus equi sp. zooepidemicus was described, revealing the need to maintain surveillance and highlighting that these neurotropic strains continue to circulate in the environment.

Usefulness of minimally invasive autopsy in the diagnosis of arboviruses to increase the sensitivity of the Epidemiological Surveillance System in Ceará, Brazil / Utilidad de la autopsia mínimamente invasiva en el diagnóstico de arbovirus para aumentar la sensibilidad del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica en Brasil: experiencia de Ceará, Brasil / Utilidade da autópsia minimamente invasiva no diagnóstico das arboviroses para ampliação da sensibilidade do Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica no Brasil: experiência do Ceará

Abstract Objective: To create a protocol for performing minimally invasive autopsies (MIA) in detecting deaths from arboviruses and report preliminary data from its application in Ceará state, Brazil. Methods: Training was provided to medical pathologists on MIA. Results: A protocol was established for performing MIA, defining criteria for sample collection, storage methods, and diagnoses to be carried out according to the type of biological sample; 43 MIAs were performed in three months. Of these, 21 (48.8%) arrived at the Death Verification Service (SVO) with arboviruses as a diagnostic hypothesis, and seven (16.3%) were confirmed (six chikungunya cases and one dengue case); cases of COVID-19 (n = 9), tuberculosis (n = 5), meningitis (n = 4), cryptococcosis (n = 1), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (n = 1), breast cancer (n = 1), and human rabies (n = 1) were also confirmed. Conclusion: The protocol implemented enabled identification of a larger number of suspected arbovirus-related deaths, as well as confirmation of other diseases of interest for surveillance.

Resumen Objetivo: Estabelecer un protocolo utilizado para la realización de autopsias mínimamente invasivas (AMI) para la detección de muertes por arbovirus y presentar datos preliminares de este protocolo en Ceará, Brasil. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo la capacitación de médicos patólogos en AMI. Resultados: Se estableció un protocolo para la realización de AMI, que define los criterios para la toma de muestras, métodos de almacenamiento y diagnóstico; en tres meses se realizaron 43 AMI; de estas, 21 (48,8%) llegaron al Servicio de Verificación de Óbito (SVO) con una hipótesis diagnóstica de alguna arbovirosis y siete (16,3%) fueron confirmadas (seis casos de chikungunya y uno de dengue); también se confirmaron casos de Covid-19 (n = 9), tuberculosis (n = 5), meningitis (n = 4), criptococosis (n = 1), enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (n = 1), neoplasia de mama (n = 1) y rabia humana (n = 1). Conclusión: El protocolo implementado permitió la identificación de un mayor número de muertes sospechosas de arbovirus, además de la confirmación de otras patologías de interés.

Resumo Objetivo: Estabelecer protocolo para realização de autópsias minimamente invasivas (AMIs) na detecção de óbitos por arboviroses e relatar dados preliminares desse protocolo no Ceará, Brasil. Métodos: Médicos patologistas foram treinados em AMI. Resultados: Estabeleceu-se protocolo para AMI, definindo-se critérios para amostras a serem coletadas, suas formas de armazenamento e diagnóstico, segundo o tipo de amostra biológica; em três meses, foram realizadas 43 AMIs, das quais 21 (48,8%) chegaram ao Serviço de Verificação de Óbito (SVO) com hipótese diagnóstica de alguma arbovirose e sete (16,3%) foram confirmados (seis de chikungunya; uma de dengue); também foram confirmados casos de covid-19 (n = 9), tuberculose (n = 5), meningite (n = 4), criptococose (n = 1), doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (n = 1), neoplasia de mama (n = 1) e raiva humana (n = 1). Conclusão: O protocolo implantado permitiu a captação de um maior número de óbitos suspeitos de arboviroses, além da confirmação de outras patologias de interesse da vigilância.

Health system collapse 45 days after the detection of COVID-19 in Ceará, Northeast Brazil: a preliminary analysis

Abstract INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 and quickly became a serious public health problem worldwide. This study aim to describe the epidemiological course of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 and their impact on hospital bed occupancy rates in the first 45 days of the epidemic in the state of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: The study used an ecological design with data gathered from multiple government and health care sources. Data were analyzed using Epi Info software. RESULTS: The first cases were confirmed on March 15, 2020. After 45 days, 37,268 cases reported in 85.9% of Ceará's municipalities, with 1,019 deaths. Laboratory test positivity reached 84.8% at the end of April, a period in which more than 700 daily tests were processed. The average age of cases was 67 (<1 - 101) years, most occurred in a hospital environment (91.9%), and 58% required hospitalization in an ICU bed. The average time between the onset of symptoms and death was 18 (1 - 56) days. Patients who died in the hospital had spent an average of six (0 - 40) days hospitalized. Across Ceará, the bed occupancy rate reached 71.3% in the wards and 80.5% in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: The first 45 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ceará revealed a large number of cases and deaths, spreading initially among the population with a high socioeconomic status. Despite the efforts by the health services and social isolation measures the health system still collapsed.