Laboratorial atopy markers in children with human immunodeficiency virus

Changes in immune system functions are one of the most important consequences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Studies have reported a higher prevalence of disease mediated by immunological hypersensitivity mechanisms in HIV-positive patients. This study aims to observe how immunological changes in HIV-infected children interfere in atopy determinants. Fifty-seven HIV-positive children were studied between June 2004-August 2005 to evaluate the possible modifications in atopy diagnosis from prick test environmental allergen reactivity. Patients were subjected to two evaluations: on both occasions, atopic and non-atopic groups were correlated with immunological (CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte concentrations and serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE) and viral parameters (HIV viral load). The percent atopy was 20.05 in the first and 29.82 in the second evaluation and atopy was diagnosed in patients without immunosuppression or with moderate immunosuppression. Six patients changed from a negative to a positive atopy profile. One patient with a decreased CD4+ T lymphocyte concentration failed to demonstrate prick test positivity between evaluations. Multivariate analysis showed that the variables associated with atopy diagnosis included a personal history of allergic diseases as well as elevated IgE for age and elevated IgE levels. Atopy development in HIV-infected children seems to be modulated by genetic and environmental factors as well as immunological condition.

Doença de Lyme: diagnóstico e tratamento / Lyme Disease: diagnosis and treatment

A doença de Lyme é uma infecção bacteriana sistêmica causada pela espiroqueta Borrelia burgdoferi e transmitida por carrapatos do gênero Ixodes e Amblyomma. Ela é doença endêmica em áreas de animais silvestres, carrapatos e florestas, sendo pouco relatada no Brasil. É a patologia mais comum transmitida por carrapatos. As manifestações clínicas iniciam-se com aparecimento de eritema migratório no local da picada, seguido de sintomas semelhantes ao da gripe. Com a evolução da doença, pode ocorrer acometimento dos sistemas nervoso central, cardiovascular, ocular e articulações.Odiagnóstico é feito pelas características clínicas, dados epidemiológicos e exames laboratoriais; já o tratamento é realizado com administração de antibióticos conforme o estágio da doença.

Lyme disease is a multisystem bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted by the bite of infected ticks of the genus Ixodes and Amblyomma. The disease is endemic in wooded, brushy areas, which are habitats for wild animals and ticks. It is the disease most commonly transmitted by ticks, but rarely reported in Brazil. Early local Lyme Disease often starts with erythema migrans at the site of the tick bite, followed by flu-like symptoms. In advanced stage the disease may cause symptoms in the joints, eyes, heart and nervous system. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, epidemiology and laboratory tests. Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics according to the stage of the disease.

Neurological profile and neurodevelopment of 88 children infected with HIV and 84 seroreverter children followed from 1995 to 2002

This study evaluated the degree of neurological compromise in HIV-infected children accompanied by the outpatient clinic of infectious diseases and pediatric neurology of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) starting in 1995. Long-term progressive prospective and cross sectional study of 88 children infected by HIV and 84 seroreverter children, using data from general neurological examinations, neuroimaging procedures (brain CT scan) and neurodevelopmental tests (CAT/CLAMS and DENVER I and II). Neurological and neurodevelopmental alterations were found in 82 percent of the HIV-infected patients and in 36 percent of the HIV-seroreverter group (P <0.01). In the CAT/CLAMS test, the development quotient (DQ) of the HIV-infected group was significantly lower than that of the HIV-seroreverter group. CAT/CLAMS scores lower than 70 (mental deficiency) were found in 31 percent of the HIV-infected patients during the first year of life and in only 1 percent of the patients of the HIV-seroreverter group, demonstrating the validity of this screening test for precocious detection of alterations in the neurodevelopment of infected patients. The same occurred with the Denver I and II tests, as the HIV-infected group failed more frequently than the HIV-seroreverter group. Nine HIV-infected children presented altered brain CT scans; calcification of basal ganglia was the main finding (five cases). Encephalopathy due to HIV causes early arrest of neurodevelopment, which can be detected with screening tests during the first year of life.

Measles in children with HIV infection: report of five cases

Patients with AIDS have a high incidence of skin problems due to the immunosuppression and malnourishment that are inherent to the progression of this disease. Clinical manifestation of these skin lesions and their severity are different in AIDS patients. We made a prospective study of five cases of measles in children with HIV infection during a community outbreak, and there were typical as well as atypical forms of the disease, including one case with negative serology. There were pulmonary complications, but none of the patients died. The anti-retroviral treatment may have contributed to the decrease in measles morbidity in these pediatric AIDS patients.

Developmental milestones of vertically HIV infected and seroreverters children: follow up of 83 children

The aim of the study was to detect neurological abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children. This was achieved by a prospective evaluation, from November/1995 to April/2000, of 43 HIV infected children (group I) and 40 HIV seroreverters children (group II) through neurological exam and neurodevelopmental tests: Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) and Clinical Adaptive Test / Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS). A control group (III), of 67 children, were evaluated by CAT/CLAMS. Hyperactivity, irritability and hypotonia were the findings on neurological examination, without statistical differences between group I and II. On CAT/CLAMS, the group I developmental quotient (DQ) was significantly lower than the other groups. The same occurred in DDST, with group I presenting significantly more failures than group II. Nineteen HIV children of group I had brain computed tomographic scan, with abnormalities in three of them (basal ganglia calcification, white matter hypodensity and asymmetry of lateral ventricles). We conclude that in HIV infected children a neurodevelopment delay occur early in the disease, and it can be detected by screening tests

Aneurisma de artéria cerebral em criança com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida: relato de caso / Cerebral arterial aneurysm in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case report

A dilataçäo aneurismática dos vasos do polígono de Willis é manifestaçäo incomum da infecçäo pelo vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV), tendo sido relatados, até o momento, 15 casos na literatura. O presente estudo tem por objetivo relatar um novo caso dessa apresentaçäo rara, além de revisar aspectos importantes relacionados à mesma. Um paciente, do sexo masculino, 6 anos de idade, com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) de transmissäo perinatal e tetraparesia, desenvolveu sintomas caracterizados por episódios de crises distônicas. A tomografia computadorizada de crânio, que inicialmente era normal, mostrou dilataçäo aneurismática dos vasos do polígono de Willis. A revisäo de literatura demonstra que os principais achados patológicos em casos similares, säo, principalmente, fibrose de camada média com destruiçäo da lâmina interna e hiperplasia da íntima. A etiologia da vasculite näo é conhecida, acreditando-se que o vírus da varicela-zoster e o próprio HIV possam estar relacionados à mesma. Conclui-se que, apesar de incomum, tal complicaçäo apresenta grande importância pelo fato dos aneurismas colocarem esses pacientes em grupo de alto risco para acidentes vasculares. A sobrevida relatada na literatura é de menos de 6 meses após o diagnóstico da arteriopatia aneurismática cerebral