Hiperobesidad y obesidad mórbida: estudio comparativo / Hiperobesity v/s morbid obesity: a comparative study

Introduction: Bariatric surgery is effective and safe in treating obese patients with BMI > 40, however, higher preoperative weight could increases morbidity and mortality. Aim: To describe and compare the perioperative and mid term outcomes between hiperobese and morbidly obese patients submitted to gastric bypass. Material and Method: A prospective study of hiperobese patients submitted to gastric bypass over the past 10 years. We analyzed clinical characteristics, perioperative morbimortality and resolution of comor-bidities. The results were compared with a group of morbidly obese patients matched by age and sex. Results: 146 hiperobese were operated and compared with 165 morbidly obese patients. 66.8 percent were female and the average age of the total group was 39.9 +/- 12.4 years, with no significant differences between groups by sex and age. The average BMI was 53 and 44.4 respectively. 21.5 percent had diabetes mellitus 2, 39.5 percent hypertension, 31 percent dislipidemia and 8.4 percent osteoarthritis, with no significant differences between groups except for a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in the morbidly obeses (p = 0.001). 10.4 percent had surgical complications during the postoperative period, with no differences between both groups (p = 0.24). One year later all patients had a significant decrease in weight, however, hiperobeses showed a more pronounced decrease (p = 0.001). The fasting glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels also showed a significant decrease without reaching differences between the groups. Conclusions: The gastric bypass is effective in achieving weight loss and resolution of comorbidities in morbidly obese as well as hiperobese patients, with no significant differences in surgical complications and mortality.

Introducción: La cirugía bariátrica es efectiva y segura en el tratamiento de obesos con IMC > 40, sin embargo, a mayor peso preoperatorio podría aumentar la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Describir y comparar los resultados perioperatorios y a mediano plazo entre hiperobesos y obesos mórbidos sometidos a bypass gástrico. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes hiperobesos operados de bypass gástrico los últimos 10 años. Se analizaron características clínicas, morbimortalidad perioperatoria y resolución de comorbilidades. Se compararon los resultados con un grupo de obesos mórbidos pareados por edad y sexo. Resultados: Se operaron 146 hiperobesos, que fueron comparados con 165 obesos mórbidos. El 66,8 por ciento fueron mujeres y el promedio de edad fue 39,9 +/- 12,4 años, no encontramos diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos por sexo y edad. El IMC promedio fue 53 y 44,4 respectivamente. El 21,5 por ciento tenía diabetes mellitus 2, el 39,5 por ciento hipertensión arterial, el 31 por ciento dislipidemia y el 8,4 por ciento artrosis, sin encontrar diferencias significativas, a excepción de una mayor prevalencia de dislipidemia en los obesos mórbidos (p = 0,001). Un 10,4 por ciento presentó complicaciones quirúrgicas durante el postoperatorio, no existiendo diferencias entre ambos grupos (p = 0,24). Al año todos los pacientes presentaban un descenso significativo del peso, sin embargo, los hiperobesos presentaban un descenso más acentuado (p = 0,001). Los niveles de glicemia en ayunas, colesterol y triglicéridos también presentaron un descenso significativo sin lograr diferencias entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: El bypass gástrico es efectivo en la baja de peso y resolución de comorbilidades tanto en obesos mórbidos como hiperobesos, sin presentar diferencias significativas en las complicaciones quirúrgicas y mortalidad.

Importancia de la dieta en pacientes diabéticos / Importance of diet in diabetic patients

A proper diet plan is essential for the successful care and managing of type 2 diabetes. The goals of treatment are to achieve and maintain a normal body weight, glycated hemoglobin below 7,normal blood lipid levels, prevent acute complications and reduce the risk of developing longterm complications. Bariatric surgery is a therapeutic alternative for patients with moderate ormorbid obesity and type 2 diabetes. Before surgery it is important to promote the correction of eating habits, improve metabolic control and inform the patient about the postoperative process. Inmediately after surgery the goals are to protect and ensure proper healing of the sutures, avoid distension of the gastric reservoir, ensure adequate hydration and prevent the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms. After this stage the goals are to adjust feeding to anatomical andphysiological changes in the digestive system, evaluate digestive tolerance, monitor weight loss, control biochemical parameters and prevent deficiency states with supplementation of vitaminsand minerals. Long term objectives are to prevent deficiency states, control of biochemical parameters and mineral bone density and maintaining weight loss.

Evolución de comorbilidades metabólicas asociadas a obesidad después de cirugía bariátrica / Effects of gastric bypass on weight, blood glucose, serum lipid levels and arterial blood pressure in obese patients

Background: Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and serum lipid abnormalities are common among obese people and they should improve with weight reduction. Aim: To study the outcome of these abnormalities after bariatric surgery in morbid obesity patients. Material and methods: Two hundred thirty two morbid obese patients subjected to gastric bypass, were evaluated in the preoperative period and every three months after surgery, during a minimum of 12 months. Clinical evolution, blood glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance measured with the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and serum lipid levels were analyzed. Results: In the preoperative period, 17% had type 2 diabetes, 49% had abnormal serum lipid levels and 25% had high blood pressure. Sixty six percent had at least one of these abnormalities and 20% had more than one. During follow up, body mass index decreased from 44 to 29.3 kg/m2. Total and HDL cholesterol, blood glucose and insulin resistance significantly decreased from the third month after surgery. Diabetes disappeared in 97% of diabetic subjects, blood pressure normalized in 53% of subjects with hypertension and serum lipid levels returned to normal in 88% of subjects with dyslipidemia. Conclusions: Gastric bypass in morbid obese patients achieves a significant and important weight reduction that results in significant reductions in the frequency of diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension among operated obese subjects.

Nutrición enteral precoz en pacientes con gastrectomía total por cáncer / Early enteral nutrition in patients subjected to a total gastrectomy

Background: Total parenteral nutrition has a high cost and frequency of complications. Enteral feeding is a feasible alternative that can be started early in the postoperative period. Aim: To assess digestive tolerance to early enteral feeding in cancer patients undergoing total gastrectomy and to compare early enteral feeding (EEF) with total parenteral nutrition plus enteral feeding (TPN+EF), initiated after overcoming postoperative ileus. Patients and methods: Subjects with a resectable gastric cancer were considered eligible for the study. During surgery a nasoenteral tube was placed and patients were prospectively randomized to EEF or TPN+EF. Digestive tolerance, effectiveness, complications and costs between both modalities of nutritional support were compared. Results: Twenty eight patients (15 male, aged 63ñ14 years old) were studied. Fourteen patients were randomized to EEF and 14 to TPN+EF. Diarrhea occurred in 14 and 29 percent of EEF and TPN+EF patients respectively, (p: NS). Patients with TPN+EF received an average of 28 Cal/kg/day and 1.1 g/kg/day proteins. Patients with EEF received an average of 29 Cal/kg/day and 0.8 g/kg/day proteins. At the eighth postoperative day, serum albumin was 3.9ñ0.7 and 3.2ñ0.5 g/dl in EEF and TPN+EF patients respectively (p <0.05), serum prealbumin was 16.9ñ5 and 12.3ñ4.3 mg/dl in EEF and TPN+EF patients respectively (p <0.05) and nitrogen balance was +2.4ñ1.5 and -1.6ñ0.6 g/24 h in EEF and TPN+EF patients respectively (p <0.05). Postoperative hyperglycemia was observed with a lower frequency and nutritional support costs and length of hospital stay were significantly lower in the EEF group. Conclusions: After total gastrectomy EEF is well tolerated, safe and effective, even during the early postoperative ileus. This therapeutic modality could be the first choice for nutritional support in these patients

Realimentación digestiva en pancreatitis aguda: ¿cuándo y cómo? / Digestive refeeding in acute pancreatitis: when and how?

Background: Digestive refeeding in acute pancreatitis represent a dificult issue. It requires the rsolution of intestinal ileus and carries a risk of reactivation. Aim: To evaluate criteria that may guide in early refeeding avoiding unnecesary prolonged fasting. Patients and methods : Thirty patients with acute pancreatitis were evaluated in a prospective trial. The severity of the pancreatitis was evaluated according to APACHE II score and Balthazar CT scan altertions. The criteria proposed to start early refeeding were abscence of nausea and vomiting, decreased abdominal pain, presence of bowel sounds and lowering of serum amylase levels. Balthazar CT scan clasification, was used to decide between oral or enteral refeeding. Results. Eighty percent of patients had alterations in pancreatic density, necrosis or pancretic or peripancreatic liquid collections in the CT scan (correspondig to Balthazar stages C,D,or E). Ten patients fullfilled the criteria for enteral refeeding at 8.1 ñ 3.5 days (range 3 to 15 days), and 21 patients fulfilled criteria fo enteral refeeding at 8.7ñ4.5 (range 4-19). No patient had a reactivation of his pancreatitis. Conclusions . Digestive refeeding can be done safely by using the criteria proposed in this study. Pancreatic necrosis or peripancreatic fluid collections do not contraindicate refeeding. Oral feeding may be employed (as the first option) in selected patients, without increasing the riskof complication, regardless of CT scan alterations of the pancreas