Estimation of tear glucose level and its role as a prompt indicator of blood sugar level.

Tear glucose level was measured by glucose oxidase method to determine the relationship between tear glucose and corresponding blood glucose levels in 200 patients. It was observed that this test had a definite value in finding the hyperglycaemics semiquantitatively.

An unusual case of a retained metallic arrowhead in the orbit and sphenoidal sinus.

A case of retained metallic arrowhead in orbit and sphenoidal sinus through an unusual route is reported. The eyeball was removed because of a possible risk of sympathetic ophthalmia.

Ataxica telengiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome).

A case of ataxia telengiectasia in a 7-year-old girl with symptoms for last 3 years has been reported in detail. The necessary literature has been reviewed with proper references.

Revolutions in ophthalmology.

Cataract is the major cause of blindness worldwide. The transition of couching of cataract to most modem phaco-emulsification gained popularity with more scientific capsulorhexis. Ongoing research is taking place with laser technologies for removal of cataract. Surgery has an important role in advanced corneal diseases. Corneal transplantation is the most successful form. The refractive errors can be corrected by laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis, intrastromal corneal rings and phacic intra-ocular lenses. Current research is going on to identify the gene responsible for glaucoma and once this is identified, medical therapy can be developed to control the disease. Thermocautery or photocoagulation and indenting the globe so as to bring the choroid nearer the break by scleral buckling forms the basis of modern surgery of retinal detachment. Vitreoretinal diseases, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy are no longer considered problematic. We are optimistic that more clinical breakthroughs are expected in the 21st century with new advances of ophthalmic researches.

Visual evoked response in different types of amblyopia before and after occlusion therapy.

Visual evoked response (VER) was analysed in control eyes and in different types of amblyopias. A general trend of a non-linear decrease in latency with an improvement of visual acuity has been noted. Individual correlation co-efficients between visual acuity and VER parameters in different types of amblyopias as compared to whole population showed no significant changes. The correlation co-efficient between post-treatment visual acuity and latency reflects a general trend of a non-linear decrease in latency with an improvement of visual acuity.

Postequatorial horizontal rectus recession in the management of congenital nystagmus.

Postequatorial (12 mm) recession of all four horizontal recti was done in nine patients with congenital nystagmus. Fifteen of 18 eyes showed decreased amplitude of nystagmus while 12 eyes also showed an increase in visual acuity. Functionally, significant limitation of ocular motility was not encountered despite unconventionally large recessions.

Effects of morphine, buprenorphine, pentazocine and nalorphine on acquisition and extinction of active avoidance responses in rats.

The effects of subcutaneous administration of morphine, buprenorphine, pentazocine and nalorphine were studied at two dose levels in rats (low dose x 10 and high dose x 20 of equivalent human dose) on the performance of active avoidance responses using a shuttle box. Pretraining injections of both doses of pentazocine and low dose nalorphine impaired acquisition on day 1 and day 2. Morphine and buprenorphine (at both dose levels) and high dose nalorphine did not affect the acquisition process. Post-training administration of morphine (high dose) and buprenorphine (both doses) delayed extinction of active avoidance responses. Low dose of morphine, high dose of pentazocine and both doses of nalorphine did not appreciably affect the extinction process. Mu opioid receptor agonists probably act as reinforcers to facilitate memory.