Autophagy Regulates Formation of Primary Cilia in Mefloquine-Treated Cells

Primary cilia have critical roles in coordinating multiple cellular signaling pathways. Dysregulation of primary cilia is implicated in various ciliopathies. To identify specific regulators of autophagy, we screened chemical libraries and identified mefloquine, an anti-malaria medicine, as a potent regulator of primary cilia in human retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. Not only ciliated cells but also primary cilium length was increased in mefloquine-treated RPE cells. Treatment with mefloquine strongly induced the elongation of primary cilia by blocking disassembly of primary cilium. In addition, we found that autophagy was increased in mefloquine-treated cells by enhancing autophagic flux. Both chemical and genetic inhibition of autophagy suppressed ciliogenesis in mefloquine-treated RPE cells. Taken together, these results suggest that autophagy induced by mefloquine positively regulates the elongation of primary cilia in RPE cells.

Negative-pressure Pulmonary Edema by Doxapram-induced Larygospasm: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Doxapram is a peripheral and central respiratory stimulant, producing an increase in tidal volume and a slight increase in respiratory rate. It can temporarily overcome drug-induced respiratory and central nervous system depression, including that seen immediately postoperatively. However, it can also cause side effects, including laryngospasm and vomiting postoperatively. Doxapram-induced laryngospasm causes the increased respiratory efforts to induce more negative pleural pressure, thus causing a negative-pressure pulmonary edema.Therefore, doxapram should not be used if signs of upper airway obstruction are present.

The Assessment of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) using Rhodes Index in PONV High Risk Group / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The Rhodes index of nausea, vomiting and retching (RINVR) is a reliable and valid instrument to assess PONV. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of PONV in high risk group with using RINVR. METHODS: Patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were classified in three groups (group I:two risk factors, group II:three risk factors, group III:four risk factors) by using a simplified risk score.We investigated the incidences of PONV in each group. RESULTS: The incidence of PONV was 12.8% in group I, 25% in group II, and 33.1% in group III, which showed a significant difference between group I and group II, between group I and group III.The incidence of PONV, which was over moderate was significantly increased in group III. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with three or four risk factors a multimodal antiemetic strategy should be considered.