Assessment of total lipid fractions and fatty acid composition of wheat biscuits and fortified wheat biscuits with oat flour

Oat, Avena sativa is the sixth important cereal in the world Presently oat flour is a nutritious food product with high potential applications as neutraceutical in functional anc fortified foods in a variety of porridges and baked goods Oats are also used in breads, biscuits, cakes, muffins, cookie mixes, breakfast food, snack product or fram form, quick and instant flakes, rolled flakes, oat flour and oat bran. Oats after corn [maize] have the highest lipid content of any cereal. The present investigation was carried out in an attempt to evaluate sepration and identification of total lipid fractions in wheat biscuits and fortified wheat biscuits with 15%, Egyptian and Syrian oat flours using thin Layer Chromatogram Technique [TLC]. The fatty acid composition of the studied biscuits was carried out by Gas Liquid Chromatographic Technique, [GLC]. Using TLC technique the total lipid of the studied biscuits were fractionated to eight fractions namely: phospholipids, monoglycerides, 1-2 and 2-3 diglycerides, sterols, 1-3 diglycerides, free fatty acids, triglycerides and hydrocarbons + sterol esters in variable levels, except in Egyptian wheat biscuits, which was fractionated to six fractions only, since the sterols and 1-3 diglycerides were not detected. The fatty acids analysis revealed that there were eight fatty acids in the studied biscuits namely: palmitic acid, plamitoleic acid stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosenic acid in variable levels. The data revealed that the predominant saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid, while the predominant unsaturated fatty acid was linoleic acid in all the studied biscuits but in variable levels. Fortification of wheat flour with 15% oat flour produced low-fat biscuits which could be recommended for caloric diets for obese and over weight persons as well as for hyper-cholesterolemic and diabetic persons due to its low fat content and low caloric value

Nutritional assessment of wheat biscuits and fortified wheat biscuits with oat flour

Oat flour is a nutritions food product with high potential applications as neutraceutical in functional and fortified foods. The present investigation was carried out in an attempt to clarify the nutritional assessment of wheat biscuits and fortified wheat biscuits with oat flour. The study included the determination of gross chemical composition, caloric value and minerals composition [Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca, Se and P] as well as the amino acids composition of wheat biscuits and fortified wheat biscuits with oat flour. Likewise, physical characteristics and sensory characteristics of control [100% wheat flour biscuits] and fortified wheat biscuits with oat flour were assessed as well. The data revealed that incorporation of oat flour in wheat flour biscuits increased crude protein, ash, crude fiber, carbohydrate contents, and decreased moisture content and caloric value of fortified biscuits as well. However, 15% Syrian oat flour fortified biscuits recorded the highest protein content [7.22%], ash [0.90%], crude fiber [1.37%] and carbohydrate content [79.30%] on dry weight basis. Meanwhile, it recorded the least moisture content [4.15%] and the least caloric value [446.97 k.cal/100g biscuits]. However, the 15% Egyptian oat flour fortified biscuits recorded higher protein, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrates contents than that of the wheat biscuits as well as lower moisture and caloric value. Therefore, it could be concluded that the supplementation of control biscuits with 15% oat flour [both Egyptian and Syrian] enhanced the nutritive value in terms of its chemical constituents. Besides, the data revealed that 15% oat flour fortified biscuits had higher Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ca and P contents than that in wheat flour biscuits. The most abundant minerals elements in wheat biscuits fortified with both 15% Egyptian and Syrian oat flours were P, Ka and Ca. Furthermore, the data revealed that 18 amino acids were detected in the three studied biscuits among them 8 represented the essential amino acids, namely: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Meanwhile, another 10 non essential amino acids were detected, namely: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutaniic acid, glycine, histidine, proline, serine and tyrosine. The data revealed that both 15% Egyptian and Syrian oat flour fortified biscuits contained a good balance of essential amino acids. Considering the spread factor of control biscuits as 100, the data recorded a gradual increment of spread rates as well as of spread factors of both Egyptian and Syrian fortified biscuits in all studied levels [5%, 10% and 15% oat flour; respectively]. Taking the sensory characteristics of biscuits in consideration both physical and sensory characteristics indicated the best quality biscuits were fortified biscuits with 15% Egyptian oat flour and fortified biscuits with 15% Syrian oat flour compared with the control biscuits. In conclusion, both 15% Egyptian and Syrian oat flours fortified biscuits proved that they are nutritious functional food gaining renewed interest as oat flour is a food component with high protein, high carbohydrate, high crude fiber and low fat as well as high level of all the nine studied minerals; and good balance of the essential amino acids required for human nutrition. Moreover, wheat flour fortified biscuits with 15% oat flour could be recommended for caloric reduced diets for obese and over weight persons as well as for diabetic persons due to its lower glycemic response because of its rich beta-glucan having the potential impact on the maintenance of human health

Nutritional assessment of raw, frozen and dried Egyptian mallow

The Egyptian mallow had been used since ancient Egyptian times. The fresh or frozen or dried leaves of Egyptian mallow was used as food and medicine. The present investigation was carried out in an attempt to clarify the nutritional assessment of raw, frozen and dried Egyptian mallow. The study included the determination of the gross chemical composition and caloric value as well as the beta-carotene and lutein contents were evaluated. Meanwhile, the vitamin A activity as retinal equivalents [RE] was calculated as recommended by WHO. The data revealed that the raw Egyptian mallow recorded an intermediate values for all chemical components, i.e. protein [24.74%], fat [6.43%], ash [15.79%], except for carbohydrate [49.95%]. Likewise, the caloric value of raw Egyptian mallow recorded a similar intermediate trend [354.63 k.cal./100 g] between dried and frozen Egyptian mallow. On the other hand, the frozen Egyptian mallow had the highest value of protein [25.63%], fat [13.96%] and caloric value [425.88 k.cal/100 g]. In addition, the dried Egyptian mallow recorded the highest values of ash [21.37%] and crude fibers [21.12%], an intermediate values of protein [14.02%], carbohydrate [39.10%] and caloric value [251.99 k.cal./100 g]. Moreover, the data revealed that the dried mallow contained the highest beta-carotene content [479.41 micro g/g] reaching six-fold its content in the raw mallow [79.73 micro g/g]. While, the frozen mallow recorded an intermediate beta-carotene content amounting to [200 micro g/g]. On the other hand, the data revealed close similar trend for lutein as for beta-carotene contents of both of raw, frozen and dried mallow. However, the lutein contents recorded almost half the values recorded for beta-carotene, namely: 42.70 micro g/g, 97.71 micro g/g, and 264.24 micro g/g in the raw, frozen and dried mallow, respectively. Likewise, the calculated retinal equivalent [RE] of raw, frozen and dried mallow recorded close similar trend to that of beta-carotene

nutritive value of an analogous daily diet of the prophet Mohamed

This investigation was carried on an analogous daily diet of the Prophet Mohammad in an attempt to clarify its nutritive. The daily diet of Prophet Mohamed was comprised of 11 food ingredients, namely raib milk, dates, red carrots, honey, olive oil, barley bread, parsely, dill, milk, vinegar, and pomegranate. The chemical analysis of the daily diet ws performed on the composite samples of the three daily diets, i.e. breakfast, lunch and dinner. The objective of this investigatgion was to study the gross chemical composition including [protein, fat ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents, and caloric value of these three daily diets composite samples. Likewise, their minerals content including [Na, K, Mg, Ca, Se, FE and Zn] and vitamins content including [A, E, and C] were assessed. The data revealed that the gross chemical composition and caloric value of the an analogous daily diet of Prophet Mohamed agree with the recent nutritional daily allowance. Likewise the mineral composition of this daily diet proved to meet the recommended daily allowance set by International Food and Nutrition Board. Mean while, the total analogous daily diet of Prophet Mohamed contained all known needs for vitamins A, E, and C. In conclusion, on the basis of the over-all nutritional assessment, the analogous daily diet of the Prophet Mohamed, it seemed that this diet proved to be very healthful and nutritional and still valid for the twenty and twenty one century

Statins ; A double weapon in treating dyslipidemic osteoporotic menopausal type 2 diabetics

Recent reports have been suggested the possible role of 3-hydroxy-3 methyl gluteryl Coenzyme A [HMG-C0A] reductase inhibitors to represent an entirely new approach in treating osteoporosis by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, the specialized cells that create new bone formation. Also, statins have been reported to prevent bone resorption through blocking an early step in mevalonate pathway and so preventing prenylation, a step that is required for osteoclasts function. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors [statins]; simvastatin and pravastatin, on bone mineral density [BMD] of dyslipidemic postmenopausal females with type 2 diabetes mellitus and having osteoporosis. Thirty postmenopausal dyslipidemic type 2 diabetic females above 50 years with no history of any disease or drugs that affect bone metabolism were included in this study and classified into 2 groups; I] included 15 patients received 40mg daily of simvastatin and II] included 15 patients received 40mg daily of pravastatin both for 3 months. Each patient was subjected to full history taking, complete clinical examination, laboratory investigations including, fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], serum cholesterol and triglycerides, serum calcium [total and ionized] and phosphorus. Serum osteocalcin, biochemical marker of bone formation, was measured by immunometric assay and urinary deoxypyridinoline [DPD], biochemical marker of bone resorption was measured by competitive immunoassays. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry [DEXA] was used to assess BMD of forearm [peripheral site] and L2-L3 lumbar vertebrae [axial site]. The results of the present work can be summarized as follows; the serum levels of osteocalcin and the BMD revealed significant increase and the urinary levels of DPD revealed significant decrease after 3 months of simvastatin in group I. A mild change in osteocalcin, urinary DPD and BMD had been noticed after 3 months of pravastatin in group II, yet it did not reach a statistical significant level. Also, there was significant reduction of serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels after 3 months therapy of either simvastatin or pravastatin and none of the patients showed any abnormal change in ALT levels supporting the safety of these drugs regarding their effect on the liver. Our results suggest the beneficial unexpected role of lipophyllic statins, simvastatin, in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Further studies are needed to reach the best effective dose and mode of administration of statin in preventing and treating osteoporosis. Also, the possibility of using statins in combination with other currently used drugs in this domain

Histological changes in some organs of albino rats Fed on two pomegranate varieties by-products

The Present study was performed to evaluate the dietary effect of two pomegranate varieties by-products [Seeds and peels] on the histological picture of some organs of albino rats, namely: Liver, kidney, heart and spleen. The Wardy and Manfalouty pomegranate varieties were used. Likewise, their dietary effect on the weights of those organs was estimated. Thirty adult male albino rats [Sprague Dawley Strain] weighting between [100 and 120g] provided from the Animal House, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University were housed individually in wire cages under the normal laboratory conditions and fed on the basal diet for a week as adaptation period. The rats were randomly allocated into 5 main groups of 6 rats each. Daily administration were continued for one month. One group was used as control and was fed the basal diet, while the other 4 groups were fed the supplemented pomegranate by-products diets.It is note-worthy that the changes taking place in the studied organs revealed a significant increase in liver weight. However, both kidney, heart and spleen recorded a significant decrease in their weights. The histological characteristics of liver revealed preservation of the normal hepatic architecture which means that the pomegranate by-products exhibited protective effect and not toxic effect on the liver. Meanwhile, the histological examination postulated that the noticed enlargement of the lymphoid follicles and the increase in its number in splenic sections of rats fed by the pomegranate varieties by-products [seeds and peels] might have a role in increasing the immune system activity. On the other hand, a dilatation of the glomerular capillaries of the glomerular tuft in the kidney of rats on the treated group were noticed compared to the control group, which could be attributed to the increase in the blood flow within the glomerular capillaries and so increasing the glomerular filtrates. Furthermore, the histological examination of treated groups revealed vasodilatation of the myocardial blood vessels and the coronary blood vessels compared to the control groups clarifying the anti- atherosclerotic effects of pomegranate by-products [seeds and peels]. In conclusion, pomegranate by-products have beneficial effect on different organs and could be supplemented to foods with promising healthful impact

In vitro propagation of cactus [Cereus peruvianus l]

The effect of various treatments on the behaviour of in vitro consecutive micropropagation stages of cactus was studied. The statistical analysis of data revealed that for shootlet proliferation stage, recycling the in vitro culture of shootlets for six times at monthly intervals on MS medium amended with BAP at 5 mg/l plus NAA at 0.1 mg/7 concentration significantly augmented the shootlet proliferation rates to 5.12-fold higher than on MS-free of hormons medium. Moreover, the highest amounts of chlorophyll-a and-b and carotenoids were detected in shootlet tissues grown on MS-medium provid with either NAA at 0.1 mg/1 plus BAP at 3, 4 or 5 mg/l or NAA at 0.2 mg/l plus BAP at 3 mg/l concentration. For rooting stage, using full, half or quarter strength of MS medium wit/i or without 1 g/l activated charcoal [AC] gave the highest rooting rates [100%] and longest root length, while applying full MS medium without AC resulted in the greatest root number formed per shootlet. For acclimatization stage; culturing the obtained vitroplants on either peat moss alone, sand alone or a mixture of peat moss and sand at the rate of 1:1 gave the highest survival capacity [100%]; but using peat moss alone allowed the stein of the acclimatized vitroplant to grow up to the highest tall. In conclusions, it is benefitable to use successfully the in vitro culture techniques for mass micropropagation Cereus peruvianus

Assessment of nutritional status, food habits and selected hematological tests of interns faculty of nursing, Assiut University and their relation to blood pressure

The prevalence of hypertension is approximately three times higher for obese than for non-obese. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase with body mass index [BMI] and obese individuals are at a higher risk of developing hypertension than are lean subjects. This study was conducted at Assiut University Hospitals on nursing interns in the year 2004. This study was conducted in an attempt to: 1] Determine the relation between BMI and food habits of nursing interns, Assiut University Hospitals. 2] Determine the relationship between blood pressure and serum sodium, potassium, food habits and BMI. 3] Determine the percentage of anemia among them. 102 nursing interns were included in this study. They were interviewed using a questionnaire containing information on age, residence and their dietary habits and some attitudes. Anthropometric measurements included weight and height to assess the body mass index. Blood pressure was measured for each subject. Blood sample was also withdrawn after written consents to perform blood picture and serum sodium and potassium as well as random serum glucose level. Data was computerized and statistically analyzed using SPSS program Version 9. This study revealed that 12.7% of nursing interns were under weight, 19.6% were over weight and 5.9% were class I obese. There was a statistically significant relation between BMI and snacks, soft drink intake and energy food intake. A high statistically significant relationship between the attitudes and the BMI was found. 26.5% of the nursing interns were hypotensive and 4.9% were hypertensive [[4 nursing interns were having mild hypertension [stage 1] and one was severely hypertensive [stage 3]]. It also revealed that 69.6% were using pickles and spices, 16.9% of them were using heavy salt pickles and the relation between using heavy salt pickles and blood pressure was statistically significant. It was also found a statistically significant relation between serum sodium, serum potassium and blood pressure. A statistically significant relation was detected between BMI and blood pressure, as 25.9% and 66.7% of hypotensive nursing interns were under and normal weight, while 60% and 20% of hypertensive were overweight and obese. More than half of nursing interns [55.9%] were anaemic. 6.9%, 14.7% and 34.3% had hemoglobin level < 10, 10- and 11- < 12 g/dL respectively. Random serum glucose was within normal in 95.1% of them and ranged from 3.4 to < 7 m.mol/L while 4.9% of the studied sample were potentially diabetic as the random serum glucose ranged between 7-8 m.mol/L. We recommended with intervention nutritional health education program to improve the nutritional status of them. Proper amounts of carbohydrate consumption, control the snacks between meals and soft drink will help to reduce the overweight and obesity and consequently the blood pressure. Low salt dietary habits to decrease the risk of hypertension. Implement the diets rich in fruits and vegetables, which are considered protective group

Impact of designed life style modification protocol on reflux symptoms control among patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease in Assiut University Hospital

Gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD] is a very common problem and significantly affects the quality of patients life. This disease is a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter [LES]; the muscle connecting the esophagus with the stomach. Dietary and life style choices contribute to the development of GERD. The aims of the present study was to assess the life style of GERD patients, formulate life style modification regimen, implement the recommended life style and diet regimen, as well as to assess the impact of life style modification on the control of GERD symptoms. Sixty adult male and female patients were selected randomly from those attending the outpatient clinic of the department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology. They were divided into two groups [study and control groups, 30 patients for each]. Their age ranged from 20 - 50 years. Those who have diabetes, liver cirrhosis, achalazia and peptic ulcer [duodenal and gastric were excluded form the study. Two tools were utilized for data collection, tool I: covered the socio-demographic data and life style assessment data sheet. Tool 2 covered medical data sheet to assess typical and atypical symptoms of GERD. The designed life style modification protocol was developed by the researcher and included information relevant to diet, smoking rest, exercise and activity and lying down after meal. Lecture/ discussion posters, counseling and written protocol were utilized. The patients of the study group were given treatment for GERD [pump inhibitor and domeperidon] in addition to dietry regimen designed specifically for patients with GERD and life style modification for 4 weeks, Those in the control group were given treatment only for 4 weeks. This study revealed that, 53.3% still improved [reflux symptoms control and reduction] during follow up period after 2 weeks after stop of treatment but still on life style modification protocol in the control of reflux symptoms. Education of subjects about the disease reduced the occurrence of the problems. The importance of raising GERD patients awareness about the importance of life style modification plus medical treatment, provide GERD patients with simple Arabic booklet about life style modification regimen and more studies carried on large sample and longer follow up period are needed

Peritonitis among intermittent peritoneal dialysis IPD users

Peritoneal dialysis is established as an important modality for maintaining patients with ESRD. Peritonitis remains the major problem facing it. So this work aimed at investigating IPD patients for the earliest signs of peritonitis, isolation and identification of responsible bacterial or fungal pathogens and microbiological study of transcatheter and pericatheter migration of microbes. The present work included 15 patients with chronic renal failure of diverse causes, over a period of 5 months. The results showed that cloudy effluent is the hallmark in diagnosis of peritonitis. Relapsing peritonitis represented 54.71% of total episodes, and it was associated with exit infection, colonized catheter and inadequate treatment. Coagulase negative staphylococci were the most frequently isolated organisms [55.17%] including Staph. xylosus and Staph. lentus. Diphtheroids were the second most commonly isolated pathogens followed by Staph. aureus and E. coli

Malaria as a cause of prolonged fever among children in Mansoura fever hospital

Prolonged fever represents a diagnostic dilemma in small age group. Little attention was given as regard to parasitic infections and prolonged fever. The objective of this study was to throw some light upon the role of malaria infection as a cause of prolonged fever. The study revealed malaria by blood film in 5 out of 129 children by IFA test, 8 patients were seropositive. Intermittent fever was the main symptom of presentation

Profile of toxoplasmosis in two different localities in Dakahlia governorate

The profile of toxoplasmosis was studied among the inhabitants of two different localities in Daqahlia in relation to age, sex, occupation and contact with animals and/or birds. The total percentage of seropositive toxoplasma antibodies using Dot-ELISA was 23.8%. The seropositivity rate was higher among the inhabitants of the village particularly in those in contact with farm animals. The results are discussed

Immune response of gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum in exogenous cases in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt

Following chloroquine treatment gametocytes numbers fell with a constant rate of loss over a period from 15 to 21 days. The gametocytes had a half-life of 2-4 days. The sex ratio was constant 4 females: 1 male. Antibodies to the gametocytes were detected in some patients. It was concluded that the gametocytes of P. falciparum are long-lived and can stimulate antibody production, but the immune response appears to play no part in their elimination, which probably takes place in the spleen as a part of the normal process of removing old, damaged and malformed red cells

Evaluation of adult schistosoma mansoni in cercarial antigens in serodiagnosis and schistosomiasis using IHAT and ELISA

Examination of 200 bilharzial cases divided into four groups and 50 normal controls to evaluate the efficiency of adult Schistosoma mansoni and cercarial antigens in serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis using IHAT and ELISA revealed that IHA test showed high sensitivity that decreased with the progress of clinical status of the disease if adult worm antigen was utilized. Also, IHAT adult antigen was more sensitive for serodiagnosis than with cercarial antigen, while ELISA is less sensitive using both cercarial and adult antigens

Hormonal picture of cowpea seeds as affected by gamma irradiation and soaking in water or GA solution

Radiosensitivity of germinating seeds and seedlings increased by increasing the dose and was found to be affected by soaking in water. Meanwhile, GA gave promising results as protectant and reparator of germinating seeds from irradiation injury. These results suggest the occurrence of some changes in the hormonal picture of the seeds due to these treatments. When the air-dry seeds were extracted and the natural growth substances were separated and identified the ether fraction was found containing a growth inhibitor [presumably ABA] and a growth promoter identified as IAN. The following changes were detected due to different treatments: [a] soaking in distilled water resulted in formation of a non-indolic growth promoter, a decrease in the amount of the growth inhibitor and an increase in the amount of IAN. [b] Irradiation of air-dry seeds with 10 kr dose increased the amount of IAN as well as the amount of the growth inhibitor. The effect of irradiation in stimulating the formation of the growth inhibitor was greatly lessened when the seeds were soaked in water before irradiation, [c] Soaking the seeds in GA solution [40 ppm] increased the amount of the growth promoters, but GA was less effective than distilled water in decreasing the amount of the growth inhibitor

Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of nalbuphine hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride following induces haemorrhagic shock in cats

The cardiovascular effects of opioid mixed agonistantagonist, nalbuphine hydrochloride and opioid antagonist, naloxone, have been evaluated in anaesthetized cats following the induction of hypovolaemia. The mean arterial pressure in anaesthetized cats decreased by about 39 +/- 0.5 mmHg following a haemorrhage of 40% of their blood volume. An intravenous infusion of nalbuphine [0.5 mg/kg/min for 4 min.] or naloxone [0.5 mg/kg/min. for 4 min.] partially restored blood pressure. Thus in experimental animal models of harmorrhagic shock, nalbuphine has similar cardiovascular profile to naloxone. The established analggesic activity of nalbuphine may confer an dvantage in some shock states

role of flies in dissemination of dermatophytosis

The present work is an attempt to study the presence of various dermatophyte species on different species of flies which was collected from urban and suburban areas of Alexandria. Different species of flies such as M. domestica, Fannia canicularis Calliphora and Lucilia species were identified from the different samples examined. Mycological examination of flies revealed various species of dermatophytes such as T.mentagrophyts, T.verrucosum, M.canis and T. rubrum in addition to C. albicans detected from one sample of flies. The high number of dermatophyte species isolated is considered another reason for effectively combating flies, and introducing advanced garbage removal systems and correlation between different services to prevent transmission of serious diseases to man