Development of a Diabetic Foot Ulceration Prediction Model and Nomogram

Purpose@#This study aimed to identify the risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) to develop and evaluate the performance of a DFU prediction model and nomogram among people with diabetes mellitus (DM). @*Methods@#This unmatched case-control study was conducted with 379 adult patients (118 patients with DM and 261 controls) from four general hospitals in South Korea. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, foot examination, and review of patients’ electronic health records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to build the DFU prediction model and nomogram. Further, their performance was analyzed using the Lemeshow–Hosmer test, concordance statistic (C-statistic), and sensitivity/specificity analyses in training and test samples. @*Results@#The prediction model was based on risk factors including previous foot ulcer or amputation, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, current smoking, and chronic kidney disease. The calibration of the DFU nomogram was appropriate (χ2 = 5.85, p = .321). The C-statistic of the DFU nomogram was .95 (95% confidence interval .93~.97) for both the training and test samples. For clinical usefulness, the sensitivity and specificity obtained were 88.5% and 85.7%, respectively at 110 points in the training sample. The performance of the nomogram was better in male patients or those having DM for more than 10 years. @*Conclusion@#The nomogram of the DFU prediction model shows good performance, and is thereby recommended for monitoring the risk of DFU and preventing the occurrence of DFU in people with DM.

Development of a Diabetic Foot Ulceration Prediction Model and Nomogram

Purpose@#This study aimed to identify the risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) to develop and evaluate the performance of a DFU prediction model and nomogram among people with diabetes mellitus (DM). @*Methods@#This unmatched case-control study was conducted with 379 adult patients (118 patients with DM and 261 controls) from four general hospitals in South Korea. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, foot examination, and review of patients’ electronic health records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to build the DFU prediction model and nomogram. Further, their performance was analyzed using the Lemeshow–Hosmer test, concordance statistic (C-statistic), and sensitivity/specificity analyses in training and test samples. @*Results@#The prediction model was based on risk factors including previous foot ulcer or amputation, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, current smoking, and chronic kidney disease. The calibration of the DFU nomogram was appropriate (χ2 = 5.85, p = .321). The C-statistic of the DFU nomogram was .95 (95% confidence interval .93~.97) for both the training and test samples. For clinical usefulness, the sensitivity and specificity obtained were 88.5% and 85.7%, respectively at 110 points in the training sample. The performance of the nomogram was better in male patients or those having DM for more than 10 years. @*Conclusion@#The nomogram of the DFU prediction model shows good performance, and is thereby recommended for monitoring the risk of DFU and preventing the occurrence of DFU in people with DM.

The Relationship between 10-Year Cardiovascular Risk Calculated Using the Pooled Cohort Equation and the Severity of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

BACKGROUND: We investigated the association between the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) calculated by Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE) and Framingham risk score (FRS). METHODS: A total of 15,913 participants (mean age, 46.3 years) in a health screening program were selected for analysis. The presence and severity of fatty liver was assessed by abdominal ultrasonogram. Subjects who drank alcohol more than three times a week were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Among the participants, 57.6% had no NAFLD, 35.4% had grade I, 6.5% had grade II, and 0.5% had grade III NAFLD. Mean estimated 10-year CVD risk was 2.59%, 3.93%, 4.68%, and 5.23% calculated using the PCE (P for trend <0.01) and 4.55%, 6.39%, 7.33%, and 7.13% calculated using FRS, according to NAFLD severity from none to severe (P for trend <0.01). The odds ratio for ≥7.5% estimated CVD risk calculated using the PCE showed a higher correlation with increasing severity of NAFLD even after adjustment for conventional CVD risk factors (1.52, 2.56, 3.35 vs. the no NAFLD group as a reference, P<0.01) compared with calculated risk using FRS (1.65, 1.62, 1.72 vs. no NAFLD group as a reference, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In our study of apparently healthy Korean adults, increasing severity of NAFLD showed a higher correlation with estimated 10-year CVD risk when calculated using the PCE than when calculated using FRS.

Evidence for Association between the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene and Panic Disorder: A Novel Haplotype Analysis

OBJECTIVE: Panic disorder (PD) is a common psychiatric disorder with a complex etiology, and several studies have suggested that it has a genetic component. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most abundant of the neurotrophins in the brain and is recognized for its important role in the survival, differentiation and growth of neurons. Several lines of research have suggested possible associations between the BDNF gene and PD. In this study, we investigated the BDNF 196G/A (rs6265), 11757G/C (rs16917204), and 270C/T (rs56164415) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in order to determine an association with PD. We also identified the genetic sequence associations with PD via haplotype analysis. METHODS: Participants in this study included 136 PD patients and 263 healthy controls. Male and female subjects were analyzed separately. The genotype and allele frequencies of the PD patients and controls were analyzed using chi2 statistics. Frequencies and haplotype reconstructions were calculated using the SNP analyzer 2.0. RESULTS: We found no significant statistical differences in the genotype distributions or allele frequencies of the three tested polymorphisms between the PD and control groups. In addition, no differences were found between PD patients and the controls in either male or female subgroups. However, we found that, the frequency of the G-C haplotype for 196G/A and 11757G/C was significantly higher in PD patients than in the controls. CONCLUSION: Our result suggest that patients with the G-C haplotype for 196G/A and 11757G/C may be more susceptible to the development of PD. Further studies are needed to replicate the associations that we observed.

Two Cases of Postpartum Thyroiditis Followed by Graves' Disease / 대한갑상선학회지

The most common thyroid dysfunctions that occur after delivery are postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) and Graves' disease (GD). PPT is more likely to occur among patients who had a history of PPT or GD. For that reason, it is possible to assume that both PPT and GD occur concomitantly after delivery. Here we report two cases of atypical postpartum thyroid dysfunctions presenting the simultaneous occurrence of PPT and GD. A 31-year-old woman with history of PPT had thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism of PPT followed by GD with mild symptoms. The patient recovered quickly afterwards. In the second case, a 28-year-old woman with a history of GD presented with thyrotoxicosis of PPT followed by severe GD. The patient required long-term antithyroid treatment.

Thyroid Dysfunction Associated with Administration of the Long-Acting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist has been used in the treatment of a wide variety of sex-hormone-related diseases, as the administration of GnRH agonist can alter the secretion of gonadotropin and sex hormones. Recently, we found that the long-acting GnRH agonist aggravated hyperthyroidism and induced painless thyroiditis. This is the first report to demonstrate the association of thyroid dysfunction with GnRH agonist injection in Korea. Here, we report three cases and emphasize the clinical importance of this aggravating factor in autoimmune thyroid disease.

Effects of a 'Drug Holiday' on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Marker During Bisphosphonate Therapy

BACKGROUND: Recently long-term safety of bisphosphonate raises issues about the duration of therapy. We examined the effects of a drug holiday (DH) on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers. METHODS: In Korean, 125 women of 50 years of age or older with T-score or =5 years started DH in 2006. Lumbar (L1-4), left femoral neck, total BMD, serum parameter (beta-crossLaps [CTx], phosphorus, total calcium, total alkaline phosphatase), and urinary parameter (calcium/creatinine ratio) were measured before, the time of starting, and after DH. RESULTS: After DH, lumbar, femoral neck and total BMD did not change significantly (0.757+/-0.093-->0.747+/-0.102, P=0.135, 0.567+/-0.079-->0.560+/-0.082, P=0.351, 0.698+/-0.008-->0.691+/-0.090 g/cm2, P=0.115, respectively). Serum CTx and total alkaline phosphatase were increased significantly (0.205+/-0.120-->0.791+/-0.44 ng/mL, P60.42+/-15.543 IU/L, P=0.001, respectively). Urinary calcium/creatinine ratio increased significantly (0.132+/-0.076-->0.156+/-0.093, P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: A DH could be cautiously considered in patients with long-term use of bisphosphonate if there is a concern about severe suppression of bone turnover with respect to long-term use because insignificant changes of BMD and significant increase of bone turnover markers are shown during the period.

Determinants of Follow-up Changes of Brachial Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Korean Women

BACKGROUND: Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) correlates well with arterial distensibility and stiffness and is a useful approach for evaluating the severity of systemic arteriosclerosis in adults. In addition, measurement of brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) has been commonly reported as a simple, noninvasive, and practicable method. Arterial stiffness assessed by PWV could predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this study, we investigated the association between the changes of baPWV and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean women using data from follow-up evaluations. METHODS: The subjects were 626 women (age, 47.2 +/- 8.2) in whom we measured baPWV and cardiovascular risk factors at baseline and about one year later. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by baPWV and biological parameters were evaluated on the same day. We retrospectively analyzed the relationships between changes of baPWV and those other factors. All analyses were performed with SPSS ver. 20.0 and p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: In correlation analysis, changes of baPWV were affected by changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Multiple regression analysis of relationship between changes of baPWV and other associated variables shows that improvement of baPWV was significantly positively associated with changes of SBP and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and worsening of baPWV was significantly negatively associated with changes of DBP, age, and SBP in sequence. CONCLUSIONS: In improvement of baPWV, decreases of SBP and HbA1c and in worsening of baPWV, increases of DBP, age, and SBP were significant factors in Korean women.

A Case of Hypothyroidism in Remission during Pregnancy

Hypothyroidism should be treated in pregnancy, because it has been associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy complications, as well as detrimental effects upon fetal neurocognitive development. The goal of L-thyroxine (LT4) treatment is to normalize maternal serum TSH values within the trimester-specific pregnancy reference range. 50% to 85% of hypothyroid women being treated with exogenous LT4 need to increase the dose during pregnancy. In this study, we report a case of a 29-year-old woman with hypothyroidism who had been in remission and discontinued LT4 treatment during her pregnancy. Three months after delivery she had a relapse of hypothyroidism and was retreated with LT4. Many factors can influence the gestational requirement for LT4, therefore maternal serum TSH should be monitored and the LT4 dose should be adjusted in pregnant patients with treated hypothyroidism.

Prediction of compensated liver cirrhosis by ultrasonography and routine blood tests in patients with chronic viral hepatitis / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Liver biopsy is a standard method for diagnosis of liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis. Because liver biopsy is an invasive method, non-invasive methods have been used for diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis. The current study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonography and routine blood tests for diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. METHODS: Two hundred three patients with chronic viral hepatitis who underwent liver biopsy were included in this study and ultrasonography and routine blood tests were analyzed retrospectively. Ultrasonographic findings, including surface nodularity, parenchyma echogenecity, and spleen size, were evaluated. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and routine blood tests were examined. RESULTS: Discriminant analysis with forward stepwise selection of variables showed that liver surface nodularity, platelet count, and albumin level were independently associated with compensated liver cirrhosis (p95% specificity: platelet count 1.3; and surface nodularity. If at least one of the four variables exists in a patient with chronic viral hepatitis, we can predict liver cirrhosis with 90% specificity and 61% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that four variables (platelet count 1.3, and surface nodularity) can be used for identification of liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis with high specificity.

A Case Report of Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome

Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a rare skeletal dysplasia that is characterized by acroosteolysis of the distal phalanges, distinctive craniofacial and skull changes, dental abnormalities and generalized osteoporosis. The clinical and radiologic characteristics are variable and these characteristics progress with age. This syndrome shows autosomal dominant inheritance with sporadic cases. The genetic defects or molecular pathogenesis of HCS are still unknown. We experienced a case of Hajdu-Cheney syndrome in a 20-year-old man who had generalized osteoporosis with multiple non-traumatic spine compression fractures. He had acroosteolysis of the hands and feet, wormian bones in the skull, facial dysmorphism (mid-facial flattening, micrognathia and bushy eyebrows), a high arched palate, malocclusion and short dental alveolar processes. HCS was diagnosed based on the clinical and radiologic evidence. For the differential diagnosis, we excluded the other possible causes of the acroosteolysis and wormian bones, including hyperparathyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypophosphatemia and mandibuloacral dysplasia. The specific treatment of HCS is unknown, but case reports with bisphosphonate treatment have been reported.

Entecavir-induced Tubulointerstitial Nephritis / 대한신장학회지

Acute interstitial nephritis is an important cause of acute kidney injury and most often induced by drug therapy. Entecavir is a potent antiviral agent approved for chronic hepatitis B. The antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B management is important because it reduces viral replication and liver injury, prevents development of complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and thus improves patient's survival. The advantage of entecavir is its safety profile, particularly in patients with renal dysfunction. Although doses of entecavir are needed to be adjusted for patients with renal dysfunction, there has been no known renal toxicity of the drug itself. Here we report a patient with chronic hepatitis B and normal renal function who developed acute kidney injury due to tubulointerstitial nephritis after 10 months of entecavir therapy. Renal biopsy showed not only acute changes of interstitial nephritis such as marked cortical infiltration with lymphoplasma cells and neutrophils, mesangial matrix expansion, eosinophilic granular casts and degenerative epithelial cells within tubular lumen but also chronic changes, minimal tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. After immunosuppressant therapy with steroids and mycofenolate mofetil, the patient's renal function improved.