Protective effect of pretreatment with thymoquinone against aflatoxin B1 induced liver toxicity in mice

Thymoquinone [TQ] is one of the active components of Nigella sativa. The plant has been used in herbal medicine for treatment of many diseases including liver complications. The present study aimed to investigate protective effects of TQ on Aflatoxin B1 [AFB1] induced liver toxicity in mice. Animals were divided into six groups and treated intraperitoneally. Group 1 [blank] served as vehicle, group 2 [positive control] received AFB1, Group 3 was treated with 9 mg/kg of TQ, Groups 4, 5 and 6 were treated with 4.5, 9 and 18 mg/kg of TQ, respectively. After three consecutive days, except for groups 1 and 3, animals were administered with a single dose of AFB1 [2 mg/kg]. All the animals were killed 24 hrs following the AFB1 administration under ether anesthesia. Biochemical parameters including AST, ALT and ALP in serum samples and glutathione [GSH] and malondialdehyde [MDA] contents in liver homogenates were determined. Liver sections were collected for histopathological examination. Findings of this study showed that AST, ALT, ALP and MDA levels were significantly lower in the TQ treated animals as compared to AFB1 group [group 2]. Furthermore, TQ was able to recover glutathione content [GSH] of liver tissue. The best response, however, was observed with the dose of 9 mg/kg. Liver sections of AFB1 intoxicated mice showed inflammation, necrosis, hyperplasia of kupffer and infiltration of mononuclear cells, dilation of sinusoids and disruption of hepatocytes, while treatment with TQ helped to normalize liver architecture in accordance to biochemical findings. Taken collectively, TQ has a protective role with optimum dose of 9 mg/kg in AFB1 hepatotoxicity

Tuberculosis of breast in a woman with history of prolactinoma [a case repot]

Tuberculosis [TB] contains a broad range of clinical illnesses. It is the most frequent cause of death worldwide. TB was a global public health emergency from 1993 for world health organization. The world health organization estimated the eradication of tuberculosis until year of 2000, when detected the drug's for tuberculosis treatment. But in later years AIDS pandemic increased the tuberculosis. Tuberculosis causes most of the time lung complication but also can infect other organs as well. Breast tuberculosis is a very rare infection that can be mistaken with breast cancer.This is a case report of female patient with 25 years age who has prolactinoma from three years ago and has milky and epudative discharge since one year ago. She had medical and surgical drainage. Since there was no response to treatment, biopsy was taken and pathologic evaluation demonstrated the granuloma with caseosis. Patient was treated with antituberculosis drug and there was no recurrent for one year follow up