Résumé
ABSTRACT CRISPR/Cas genes evolved in prokaryotic organisms as a mechanism of defense designed to identify and destroy genetic material from threatening viruses. A breakthrough discovery is that CRISPR/Cas system can be used in eukaryotic cells to edit almost any desired gene. This comprehensive review addresses the most relevant work in the CRISPR/Cas field, including its history, molecular biology, gene editing capability, ongoing clinical trials, and bioethics. Although the science involved is complex, we intended to describe it in a concise manner that could be of interest to diverse readers, including anyone dedicated to the treatment of patients who could potentially benefit from gene editing, molecular biologists, and bioethicists. CRISPR/Cas has the potential to correct inherited diseases caused by single point mutations, to knock-in the promoter of a gene whose expression is highly desirable or knockout the gene coding for a deleterious protein. CRISPR/Cas technique can also be used to edit ex vivo immune cells and reinsert them in patients, improving their efficiency in attacking malignant cells, limiting the infectious potential of viruses or modulating xenotransplant rejection. Very important bioethical considerations on this topic include the need to internationally regulate its use by ad hoc expert committees and to limit its use until safety and bioethical issues are satisfactorily resolved.
Résumé
Introducción: El MLPA (amplificación de sondas dependiente de ligandos múltiples) es un método reciente, basado en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP), de cuantificación relativa del número de copias normales y anormales de ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) de hasta 40 secuencias genómicas diferentes. Su uso se ha difundido tanto en la investigación como en el diagnóstico clínico. Recientemente, el MLPA se ha utilizado en diagnóstico prenatal y en el estudio de abortos. Objetivo: Presentar los primeros resultados obtenidos con MLPA en el diagnóstico perinatal de las principales aneuploidías de los cromosomas 13, 18, 21, X y Y. Material y métodos: Se obtuvo ácido desoxirribonucleico genómico de tejidos sin cultivar de aborto, biopsia de vellosidades coriales (VC), líquido amniótico (LA), cordón umbilical (CU) de óbitos o sangre periférica (SP) de recién nacidos, en 13 casos con patología perinatal. Para el MLPA se utilizó el kit p 290 para diagnóstico prenatal y sus productos se cuantificaron en un secuenciador ABI Prism 3130. Todos los casos se procesaron para cariotipo en forma paralela. Resultados: Se obtuvieron resultados con MLPA entre dos y tres días en las 13 muestras estudiadas. Seis de ellas mostraron aneuploidías. El cariotipo se obtuvo entre 15 y 21 días en 11 casos, cinco fueron aneuploides y dos fallaron. Los resultados entre MLPA y cariotipo fueron concordantes en las fallas del cultivo celular, el diagnóstico se obtuvo por MLPA. Conclusiones: El MLPA es un método útil y rápido en el diagnóstico perinatal de las principales aneuploidías; además, tiene la ventaja de permitir estudiar tejidos con baja viabilidad celular como ocurre en algunos casos de aborto u óbito.
Introduction: The MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) is a new method based on polimerase chain reaction (PCR) for relative quantification of normal and abnormal numbers of copies of desoxyribonucleic (DNA), up to 40 different genomic sequences. Its use is widespread in both, research and clinical diagnosis. MLPA recently began to be used in prenatal diagnosis and study of pregnancy losses. Objective: Present the first results obtained with MLPA in perinatal diagnosis of major aneuploidies of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y. Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from different uncultivated tissues: abortion, chorionic villus, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood or peripheral blood in 13 cases with perinatal pathology. MLPA kit p290 for prenatal diagnosis was used and its products were quantified in ABI Prism 3130 sequencer. All cases were processed in parallel for karyotype. Results: MLPA results were obtained in 2 to 3 days in the 13 samples studied. Six of them showed aneuploidy. Karyotype was obtained between 15 and 21 days in 11 cases, five were aneuploidy and two failed. The results obtained with MLPA and karyotypes were concordant and in cases where the cell culture failed, the diagnosis was obtained by MLPA. Conclusions: MLPA is a rapid and useful method in the perinatal diagnosis of major aneuploidies, it also has the advantage of allowing the study of tissues with low cell viability, as in some cases of abortion and fetal death.