Estudo sobre fatores que influenciaram concluintes do curso de Medicina na futura carreira / Study about factors that influenced Medical school graduates on their future careers

RESUMO Introdução: Os avanços da medicina desencadearam um aumento significativo do grau de especialização dos médicos. Entretanto, apesar da crescente procura dos médicos por especialização, existe escassez de profissionais em determinadas áreas, o que torna relevante compreender os fatores e as barreiras que influenciam os alunos de Medicina na tomada da carreira futura. Essa decisão passa por inúmeras reflexões, e o tema tem sido extensamente abordado no mundo tudo. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa visou estudar os principais fatores e motivações que levaram os estudantes do sexto ano da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (Unimes) a escolher a especialidade médica. Método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal com abordagem quantitativa. Foi realizada uma análise estatística não paramétrica em que se utilizaram a linguagem R versão 4.2.3 e o teste exato de Fisher para testar as hipóteses. Dos 106 alunos matriculados, apenas 90 participaram voluntariamente da pesquisa. Resultado: Na pesquisa, 57 alunos identificaram-se como do gênero feminino e 33 como do masculino, sendo a maioria entre 23 e 26 anos. A grande área médica mais desejada foi a clínica médica (35,6%), seguida da clínica cirúrgica (23,2%), ginecologia e obstetrícia (22,2%) e pediatria (11,1%), sendo as duas últimas escolhidas, majoritariamente, pelo gênero feminino. Entre as especialidades citadas, destacou-se a anestesiologia (13,3%). Os principais fatores e motivações de influência foram: "qualidade de vida e retorno financeiro" (55,6%) e "presença de docente do internato" (53,3%), porém sem significância estatística como as especialidades escolhidas. A área da clínica médica se correlacionou estatisticamente com "oferecer maior envolvimento integral com o paciente, permitindo melhor assistência, além de prática ambulatorial" e a clínica cirúrgica e ginecologia e obstetrícia com "prática de procedimentos invasivos e atendimento de emergência, e predomínio de prática hospitalar". Dos concluintes, 30% mudaram de opinião durante a graduação e 32,3% pretendem atuar como médicos generalistas e realizar especialização posterior. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstra como diversos fatores dentro da graduação exercem influência direta na escolha da carreira médica pelos estudantes de Medicina. Estudos adicionais são necessários, assim como estratégias de aconselhamento acadêmico, com a finalidade de esclarecer as oportunidades possíveis para cada área médica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Advances in medicine have triggered a significant increase in the degree of specialization of doctors. However, despite the growing demand for doctors to specialize, there is a shortage of professionals in certain areas, urging the need to understand the factors and barriers that influence medical students' decision-making about their future careers. Such decisions are subject to countless reflections and the topic has been extensively discussed worldwide. Objective: This research aimed to study the main factors and motivations that led sixth-year students at Medical Sciences College of the Metropolitan University of Santos (UNIMES,2023) to choose their medical specialty. Method: This is a cross-sectional, observational study with a quantitative approach. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed using the R language version 4.2.3 and Fisher's exact test was used on hypotheses. Of the 106 enrolled students, only 90 voluntarily participated in the study. Result: Of the participants, 57 identified as female and 33 as male, with the majority aged between 23 and 26 years. The most desired large medical area was General Internal Medicine (35.6%), followed by Surgery (23.2%), Gynecology and Obstetrics (22.2%), Pediatrics (11.1%), the latter two being favored primarily by women. Prominent among the specialties mentioned was Anesthesiology (13.3%). The main influencing factors and motivations were: "quality of life and financial return" (55.6%) and "presence of teaching staff at the internship" (53.3%), however, with no statistically significance for the chosen specialties. The area of the General Internal Medicine was correlated statistically with "Offers more comprehensive involvement with the patient, allowing better care, in addition to outpatient practice" while Surgery and GO correlated with "Practice of invasive procedures and emergency care, and predominance of hospital practice". Thirty percent of the graduates changed their minds during undergraduate training and 32.3% intend to work as general practitioners and specialize at a later stage in their career. Conclusion: This study demonstrates how several factors within undergraduate training have a direct influence on students' choice of medical career. Further studies are needed, as well as academic counseling strategies, in order to clarify the possible opportunities for each medical area.

Clinical and epidemiology evaluation of Aids-infected patients hospitalized between 2011 and 2016 in the Santos region of Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We assessed the clinical-epidemiological profile of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in the Santos region (São Paulo state) with the highest AIDS prevalence in Brazil. METHODS Information was extracted from records of 409 AIDS-infected patients hospitalized between 2011 and 2016. RESULTS: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was diagnosed in 24.7% of patients during admission, and 39.6% of already diagnosed patients received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) irregularly. The mortality rate was 19.1%, and the main secondary manifestations were neurotoxoplasmosis and tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: AIDS patients in the Santos region had high rates of late diagnosis and low treatment adherence.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: an unusual association with acute renal failure

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis of unknown etiopathogenesis, is a self-limited disease which frequently appears as feverish lymphadenomegaly, thus creating the need for differential diagnosis with lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), infectious mononucleosis, cat-scratch disease, and toxoplasmosis with lymphonodal impairment. However, there are cases in which it may evolve with complications such as aseptic meningitis, cerebellar ataxia, and aseptic myocarditis. We are presenting a case of a 24-year-old man who had an initial picture of arthralgia, evening fever and adenomegaly. Kikuchi disease was diagnosed through lymph node biopsy with immunohistochemistry and evolves with severe systemic manifestations, such as pericarditis with cardiac tamponade, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and acute kidney failure - the latter has not been reported in literature yet. There was significant improvement of the clinical picture with prednisone.

Survey of hepatitis B and C infection control: procedures at manicure and pedicure facilities in São Paulo, Brazil

Bleeding due to the habit of removing the cuticles of the finger and toes nails, without appropriate sterilization of instruments can be an important factor of contamination by hepatitis B and C viruses. The objectives of this study were to verify the use of standards on biosafety in the routine work of manicurists and/or pedicurists located in São Paulo, Brazil; know the level of information they have about ways of transmission and prevention of hepatitis B and C; evaluate the degree of risk perception for accidental exposure to infectious agents; and to estimate the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B and C among them. This was descriptive, cross-sectional study that included a random sample of 100 manicurists and/or pedicurists working in beauty salons. We administered a questionnaire to obtain personal information about the characteristics of the participants, collected blood for hepatitis B and C serology and assessed the working environment. Adherence to the professional standards on biosafety has been inadequate, and we noted that only 5 percent used disposable gloves, none washed their hands, 93 percent did not previously cleaned their working material and only 7 percent used disposable materials. A low level of knowledge about the routes of transmission, prevention, standards of biosafety, and risk perception of the infectious agents in their professional activity was observed. One out of ten interviewed manicurist and/or pedicurist had serological markers of hepatitis B or C, with 8 percent of hepatitis B and 2 percent of hepatitis C.

Tratado de infectologia. v. 1 / Treaty of infectious diseases

Como é de conhecimento geral, a Infectologia apresentou expressivo avanço, que se particularizou no estudo: do vírus da AIDS e da hepatite; na imunologia e imunogenética, por força dos quadros de imunodepressão e dos transplantes, associados ao mapeamento de genes; dos quadros bacterianos sistêmicos, sobretudo a sepse, com mudanças revolucionárias na ambiência das UTIs; da infecção hospitalar; da epidemiologia, que cada vez mais converge para a clínica, e a clínica, por sua vez, valoriza-a como fator preditivo e indicativo da morbidade; da terapêutica, com descoberta de novas drogas quimioterápicas e antibacteriana; e mais recentemente, no diagnóstico e tratamento da Influenza A/H1N1 (Gripe Suína).

Tratado de infectologia: v. 2 / Treaty of infectious diseases

Como é de conhecimento geral, a Infectologia apresentou expressivo avanço, que se particularizou no estudo: do vírus da AIDS e da hepatite; na imunologia e imunogenética, por força dos quadros de imunodepressão e dos transplantes, associados ao mapeamento de genes; dos quadros bacterianos sistêmicos, sobretudo a sepse, com mudanças revolucionárias na ambiência das UTIs; da infecção hospitalar; da epidemiologia, que cada vez mais converge para a clínica, e a clínica, por sua vez, valoriza-a como fator preditivo e indicativo da morbidade; da terapêutica, com descoberta de novas drogas quimioterápicas e antibacteriana; e mais recentemente, no diagnóstico e tratamento da Influenza A/H1N1 (Gripe Suína).

Histological response study of chronic viral hepatitis C patients treated with interferon alone or combined with ribavirin

Chronic hepatitis C is often a progressive, fibrotic disease that can lead to cirrhosis and other complications. The recommended therapy is a combination of interferon and ribavirin. Besides its antiviral action, interferon is considered to have antifibrotic activity. We examined the outcome of hepatic fibrosis and inflammation in chronic hepatitis C patients who were non-responders to interferon. We made a case series, retrospective study, based on revision of medical records and reassessment of liver biopsies. For inclusion, patients should have been treated with interferon alone or combined with ribavirin, with no virological response (non responders and relapsers) and had a liver biopsy before and after treatment. Histological evaluation included: i-outcome of fibrosis and necroinflammation; ii-annual fibrosis progression rate evaluation, before and after treatment. Seventy-five patients were included. Fifty-seven patients (76 percent) did not show progression of fibrosis after treatment, compared to six (8 percent) before treatment (p < 0.001). The mean annual fibrosis progression rate was significantly reduced after treatment (p = 0.036). Inflammatory activity improved in 19 patients (25.3 percent). The results support the hypothesis of an antifibrotic effect of interferon-based therapy, in non-responder patients. There was evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of treatment in some patients.

Weight-based combination therapy with peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for Naïve, relapser and non-responder patients with chronic hepatitis C

Combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin is considered the new standard therapy for naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of treatment with weight-based peginterferon alpha-2b (1.5 mg/kg per week) plus ribavirin (800-1,200 mg/day) for 48 weeks in naïve, relapser and non-responder (to previous treatment with interferon plus ribavirin) patients with chronic hepatitis C. Sixty-seven naïve, 26 relapser and 40 non-responder patients were enrolled. The overall sustained virological response (SVR) for the intention-to-treat population was 54 percent for naïve, 62 percent for relapser and 38 percent for non-responder patients. In the naïve subgroup, SVR was significantly higher in patients with the non-1 genotype (67 percent) compared to those with genotype 1 (45 percent). In relapsers and non-responders, SVR was, respectively, 69 percent and 24 percent in patients with genotype 1 and 43 percent and 73 percent in those with genotype non-1. There were no significant differences in SVR rates among the three body weight ranges (< 65 kg, 65-85 kg and > 85 kg) in any of the subgroups. Early virological response (EVR) was reached by 78 percent, 81 percent and 58 percent of naïve, relapser and non-responder patients, respectively, and among those with EVR, 63 percent, 67 percent and 61 percent, respectively, subsequently achieved SVR. All of the non-responder patients who did not have EVR reached SVR. Treatment was discontinued in 13 percent of the patients, due to loss to follow-up, hematological abnormalities or depression.

Co-infecções Aids e Hepatite B e C / Co-infections Aids and Hepatitis B and C

Esta edição , que anuncia a Mesa Redonda sobre Co-infecçoes AIDS e Hepatite B e C, não só nos convida a fazer uma série de reflexões, como acabou transformando-se em uma verdadeira aula sobre a situação atual em nosso País, com propostas para a ação individual e coletiva do Setor Saúde como um todo. O local nao poderia ser mais feliz, o recem-inaugurado Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde, o CEPES, da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. Os Drs. David Uip, Hoel Sette Jr., Roberto Focaccia e Maria Cassia Mendes Correa, além do altissimo nível dos debates, mantiveram durante toda a reunião uma atitude ousada, provocativa, questionando os seus próprios conhecimentos cientifícos com a sua vivência, do seu dia a dia na linha de frente da luta contra a AIDS e a hepatite. Podemos afirmar que ao término da reunião, todos os presentes sentiam que não se encerrava um debate, mas sim que algo novo começava a ser criado. Os debatedores não se limitaram a fazer as suas conclusões finais, mas plantaram idéias fundamentais que, sem duvida, vão nortear as açoes futuras que se fazem necessarias para colocar o nosso País, mais uma vez, em posição de destaque no campo da Medicina

Genotype distribution of the GB virus C in citizens of Säo Paulo City, Brazil

There has been several studies worldwide on phylogenetics and genotype distribution of the GB-virus C / Hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV). However, in their great majority, those investigations were based on some epidemiologically linked group, rather than on a representative sampling of the general population. The present is a continuation of the first study in Brazil with such a population; it addresses the GBV-C/HGV phylogenetics and genotype distribution based on samples identified among more than 1,000 individuals of the city of Säo Paulo. For this purpose, a 728 bp fragment of the 5 non-coding region (5 NCR) of the viral genome, from 24 isolates, was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Genotypes 1, 2a and 2b were found at 8.3 percent (2/24), 50 percent (12/24) and 41.7 percent (10/24), respectively. In conclusion Säo Paulo displays a genotype distribution similar to the published data for other States and Regions of Brazil, endorsing the notion that types 1 and 2 would have entered the country with African and European people, respectively, since its earliest formation