Oral Candida flora from Brazilian human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

One of the main opportunistic fungal infections amongst immunocompromised individuals is oral candidosis, which has been found in up to 90 percent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. This study employed yeasts isolated from the saliva and oral cavities of 114 HIV-infected patients living in Campinas, São Paulo. Of the isolates, 57.8 percent were identified as Candida albicans and 42.1 percent as non-C. albicans. The latter isolates were subsequently identified as C. krusei (7.5 percent), C. lusitaniae (5.2 percent), C. tropicalis (4.6 percent), C. parapsilosis (4.6 percent), C. glabrata (2.8 percent), C. kefyr (1.7 percent), C. guilliermondii (1.7 percent), C. intermedia (1.1 percent), C. norvegensis (0.5 percent), and Rhodotorula rubra (1.7 percent). Susceptibility of the isolates to amphotericin B, fluconazole, miconazole, and itraconazole was also determined by a microdilution method adopted by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The isolates demonstrated various susceptibilities to the antifungal agents. In particular 29 C. albicans and 13 non-C. albicans isolates showed low susceptibility to FLCZ (> 64 æg/ml). This study revealed huge diversity of Candida species, in particular the increasing emergence of non-C. albicans associated with the oral flora of HIV-infected patients.

Isolation of fungi from nature in the region of Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, an endemic area of Paracoccidioidomycosis

In an attempt to isolate Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from nature 887 samples of soil from Botucatu, SP, Brazil, were collected cultured in brain heart infusion agar supplement with dextrose, in potato dextrose agar and in yeast extract starch dextrose agar, all with antibiotics, at 25º and 37ºC. Five thermo-dependent dimorphic fungi morphologically resembling P. brasiliensis were isolated; two from armadillo holes; further studies of the biology, antigenicity and genetic features of the five dimorphic fungi are necessary to clarify their taxonomy and their possible relation to P.brasiliensis. In addition, 98 dematiaceous fungi and 581 different soecies of Aspergillus spp. were also isolated. Our findings emphasize that armadillos and their environment are associated with thermo-dimorphic fungi and confirm the ubiquity of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and Aspergillus spp.