Cáncer pulmonar el peor efecto del tabaquismo / Lung cancer the worst effect of smoking

Lung cancer is the first cause of death in Chilean cancer patients. Globally it accounts for more than 8 million annual deaths. Of the new cases of cancer, more than 6 million are smoking related, making smoking the most important cancer risk factor and the cause of about 20 % of the global cancer-related mortality. The incidence of lung cancer is directly associated with smoking exposure levels during life, exposure that increases the risk of this disease up to 30 times. This risk decreases exponentially with smoking cessation, especially if it occurs in early life stages. In Chile, 85 % of lung cancers in men and 40 % in women may be explained by smoking, equivalent to 1926 per year. Brief counseling is recommended according to the Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Smoking in Chile 2017, and if that is not possible, all smokers with cancer should be referred to smoking cessation therapy, which may be done by telephone (6003607777, Salud Responde Program, MINSAL; the number is on cigarette packets).

El cáncer de pulmón constituye la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile. A nivel mundial da cuenta de más de 8 millones de fallecimientos anuales, de los nuevos casos de cáncer, más de 6 millones están relacionados con tabaco, constituyendo el tabaquismo un importante factor de riesgo y causa directa de cerca del 20% de la mortalidad global asociada a cáncer. La incidencia de cáncer de pulmón está directamente relacionada el nivel de exposición a tabaquismo durante la vida, la exposición puede aumentar el riesgo de esta enfermedad hasta 30 veces. El riesgo disminuye exponencialmente con la cesación de esta adicción, especialmente si ocurre en etapas tempranas de la vida. En Chile el 85% de los cánceres de pulmón en hombres y el 40% en mujeres estarían explicados por tabaquismo, equivalentes a 1926 anuales, siendo la recomendación realizar consejería breve según las Guías Clínicas de Tratamiento del Tabaquismo Chile 2017 y si no es posible derivar a todos los fumadores con cáncer a terapia de cesación del tabaquismo que puede ser telefónica Salud Responde MINSAL 6003607777, el numero está en las cajetillas de cigarrillos.

Cáncer pulmonar el peor efecto del tabaquismo / Lung cancer the worst effect of smoking

Resumen El cáncer de pulmón constituye la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile. A nivel mundial da cuenta de más de 8 millones de fallecimientos anuales, de los nuevos casos de cáncer, más de 6 millones están relacionados con tabaco, constituyendo a el tabaquismo un importante factor de riesgo y causa directa de cerca del 20% de la mortalidad global asociada a cáncer. La incidencia de cáncer de pulmón está directamente relacionada el nivel de exposición a tabaquismo durante la vida, la exposición puede aumentar el riesgo de esta enfermedad hasta 30 veces. El riesgo disminuye exponen-cialmente con la cesación de esta adicción, especialmente si ocurre en etapas tempranas de la vida. En Chile el 85% de los cánceres de pulmón en hombres y el 40% en mujeres estarían explicados por tabaquismo, equivalentes a 1926 anuales, siendo la recomendación realizar consejería breve según las Guías Clínicas de Tratamiento del Tabaquismo Chile 2017 y si no es posible derivar a todos los fumadores con cáncer a terapia de cesación del tabaquismo que puede ser telefónica Salud Responde MINSAL 6003607777, el número está en los envases de cigarrillos.

Lung cancer is the first cancer death in Chile. Globally accounts for more than 8 million annual deaths, of the new cases of cancer, more than 6 million are smoking related, making smoking the most important cancer risk factor and cause of about 20% of the global cancer-related mortality. The incidence of lung cancer is directly related to smoking exposure level during life, exposure that increases the risk of this disease up to 30 times. This risk decreases exponentially with smoking cessation, especially if it occurs in early life stages. In Chile, 85% of lung cancers in men and 40% in women would be explained by smoking, equivalent to 1926 per year, being recommended to conduct brief counseling according to the Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Smoking in Chile 2017, and if it is not possible to refer all smokers with cancer to smoking cessation therapy that may be by telephone Salud Responde, MINSAL 6003607777, the number is in the cigarette packets.

Tabaquismo y diabetes mellitus: evidencia científica e implicancias en salud pública / Smoking and diabetes mellitus: scientific evidence and public helath implications

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Among them, diabetes has been identified as the condition causing more disabilities, being blindness, kidney failure and limb amputation the major causes. The literature indicates that these diseases are explained by four factors: unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco smoking and hazardous alcohol consumption. Of these risk factors, tobacco consumption is being studied lately as a risk condition for diabetes, finding in the international literature several studies that confirm a causal association between both and a dose-response as well. Several mechanisms have been proposed by which the association would be possible, pointing out to a connection with a release of insulin hormone antagonist, a decrease of the insulin sensitivity and high blood levels of FFA, hypotheses that need to be tested in detail. Various international organizations have called for action to prevent NCDs and their risk factors. Among this, the prevention and cessation of tobacco smoking gain great relevance in the country, since the new law protects from exposure to second hand tobacco smoke. At clinical level, one of the challenges that need to be faced is the implementation of smoking cessation programs.

Cambios neuropsicológicos y neurofisiológicos en la enfermedad de Fahr / Neuropsychological and neurophysiological features of Fahr's disease

BACKGROUND: Fahr's disease (basal ganglia calcification) is characterized by bi hemispherical calcium deposition in basal ganglia, dentate nucleus and semioval center. Its clinical manifestations are a rigid hypokinetic syndrome, mood disorders and cognitive impairment. AIM: To report to the results of a neurological assessment of three siblings with Fahr disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three sisters, aged 55, 56 and 58 years, were studied. All had a rigid hypokinetic clinical picture associated with cerebellar involvement and a cognitive impairment that progressed in 8, 6 and 10 years respectively. Brain CAT scans showed symmetric and extensive calcifications of cerebellar white matter and dentate nuclei, pons, mesencephalon, lenticular nuclei, thalami and semioval centers. Hypoparathyroidism was ruled out. Cognition was assessed with WAIS and Benton tests and Weschler memory scale. The time of reaction to visual stimuli was studied. The processing speed of visual information and the interhemispheric conduction time of such information, were calculated. Cognitive evoked potentials (P 300) were also studied. RESULTS: Cognitive impairment involved verbal and visual-spatial memory, planning, attention and concentration capacities and visual constructive skills. There was a prolongation of reaction time latencies and loss of the normal asymmetry of interhemispheric transmission (without right to left facilitation). P 300 evoked potentials were absent. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that the pathogenesis of cognitive and motor changes in Fahr's disease is based in a dysfunction of cortico basal connections and their interhemispheric relations. This defines a subcortical dementia secondary to mineral deposits in subcortical structures.