Résumé
Introdução: De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência de doenças raras (abaixo de 65 casos/100.000 habitantes) é de 6%, e variável na dependência da população em estudo. Há 6.172 doenças raras (DR) catalogadas. Esquemas vacinais específicos para DR não estão disponíveis no Brasil, e esta orientação é limitada na maioria dos países. Objetivos: Identificar e propor esquemas específicos de imunização para pacientes com DR, tendo-se em conta segurança e eficácia. Fonte de dados: Revisão não sistemática da literatura, com busca de artigos de 2000 a 2020 no PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO e Orphanet usando os termos "rare diseases" ou "inborn errors of metabolism" ou "cystic fibrosis" ou "inborn errors of immunity" e "vaccines" ou "immunization" ou "vaccination", nos idiomas inglês, francês, espanhol e português. Conclusões: A imunização de pessoas com DR é tema complexo, com poucas recomendações publicadas a este respeito, e na maioria das vezes realizada de modo empírico. É importante que a equipe médica que acompanha esses pacientes tenha um olhar abrangente e proporcione a prevenção mais completa possível.
Background: According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of rare diseases (below 65 cases/100 000 population) is 6% and may vary depending on the study population. There are 6172 rare diseases (RD) listed. RD-specific vaccine schemes are not available in Brazil, and guidance is limited in most countries. Objectives: To identify and propose specific immunization schemes for RD patients, valuing safety and efficacy. Data source: A nonsystematic literature review was conducted, with search for articles from 2000 to 2020 on PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, and Orphanet with the terms "rare diseases" or "inborn errors of metabolism" or "cystic fibrosis" or "inborn errors of immunity" and "vaccines" or "immunization" or "vaccination," in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese languages. Conclusions: Immunization of RD patients is a complex topic with few published recommendations, most often produced empirically. The medical teams following up these patients should have a more comprehensive insight and provide the most complete prevention possible.
Sujets)
Humains , Sociétés médicales , Immunisation , Vaccination , Maladies rares , Patients , Organisation mondiale de la santé , Vaccins , Efficacité en Santé Publique , Mucoviscidose , PubMed , Allergie et immunologie , Erreurs innées du métabolismeRésumé
Abstract Objectives: This was a non-systematic review of the literature on the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. Data sources: Searches in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles made available in 2020, using the terms "diagnosis" OR "diagnostic" OR "diagnostic tests" OR "tests" AND "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" in the title. Summary of findings: Tests for the etiological agent identify genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 or humoral responses to it. The gold standard for diagnosis is the identification of viral genome targets by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in respiratory tract materials during the first week of symptoms. Serological tests should be indicated from the second week of symptoms onwards. A wide range of different tests is available, with variable sensitivity and specificity, most of which require validation. Laboratory tests such as complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, clotting tests, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, and procalcitonin identify risk of disease with greater severity, thromboembolic complications, myocardial damage, and/or worse prognosis. Imaging tests may be useful for diagnosis, especially when there is a compatible clinical picture, and other tests presented negative results or were unavailable. Conclusions: The identification of genetic material of the virus by RT-PCR is the gold standard test, but its sensitivity is not satisfactory. The diagnosis of COVID-19 should be based on clinical data, epidemiological history, tests for etiological diagnosis, and tests to support the diagnosis of the disease and/or its complications. New diagnostic methods with higher sensitivity and specificity, as well as faster results, are necessary.
Sujets)
Humains , Dépistage de la COVID-19 , COVID-19/diagnostic , Tests sérologiques , Sensibilité et spécificité , Réaction de polymérisation en chaine en temps réelSujets)
Humains , Asthme , Thérapeutique , Produits biologiques , Maladie , Recommandations comme sujet , Déficits immunitairesRésumé
O presente guia apresenta revisão extensa sobre imunobiológicos utilizados, liberados e ainda sob estudo, para o tratamento da asma, doenças alérgicas e imunodeficiências. Além das características físico-químicas de alguns desses fármacos, são revisadas as indicações e os resultados de estudos clínicos realizados para avaliar eficácia e segurança. Separados por doença específica, são apresentados os principais agentes disponíveis e aprovados para utilização segundo as normas regulatórias nacionais.
This guide presents an extensive review of immunobiological drugs used, approved and/or under investigation for the treatment of asthma, allergic diseases and immunodeficiencies. In addition to the physicochemical characteristics of some of these drugs, their indications and results of clinical studies evaluating efficacy and safety are reviewed. The main agents available and approved for use in each specific disease according to national regulatory standards are presented.