[Possibility of using Moringa peregrina seeds compared with alum and poly aluminum chloride in sewage treatment]

In arid and semi-arid regions of the world, urban runoff as a source of water restoration and is considered valuable. Wastewater treatment, while preserving the environment, it can be considered as water source. The aim of this study to evaluate the possibility of using powder grain Peregrina in wastewater treatment in comparing with Alum and Poly Aluminum Chloride [PAC]. Flocculation and coagulation tests were done by Jar test. Wastewater quality parameters were measured according to standard method. Studies have been showed that in optimum Peregrina concentration, efficiency of turbidity reduction, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total E. Coli are 95.11, 38, 55.5, 46.6, 97 and 97 percent respectively. It is noted that turbidity reducing directly related with coli form reduction. As, with increasing turbidity reduction, coliform reduction is increased. The most reduction of E. coli with combination of Alum, Poly Aluminum Chloride and Peregrina was 100 percent. In optimum concentration of Alum, Ploy Aluminum Chloride and Peregrina, the quality of treated wastewater would be in the range of environmental standards. Therefore, treated wastewater can be entering to surface water and reuse as irrigation water. The results derived from this study showed that the treated wastewater can be used in a variety of irrigation except sprinkler irrigation due to burn the leaves of plants. [high electrical conductivity]. Also, the low cost of seed Peregrina and good performance in the refining operations, it is suggested that Peregrina as a replacement for poly aluminum chloride and an alum to be used for wastewater treatment

[Effect of rapid sand filter on copper and zinc metal removal in different presence of phosphate concentration]

Due to copper and zinc elements toxicity, a great attention to removal of those in order to reduce environmental pollution exist. This experiment was conducted to investigate the study of the effect of gravity single layer rapid sand filter on heavy metals [zinc and copper] removal efficiency in aquatic condition in different phosphate concentration. This study applied a gravity single layer rapid sand filter with silica sand media. Experiments conducted for all of the states of Copper and Zinc concentration in 25, 75, 125 and 175 ppm at different phosphate concentration present by varied discharge. Each state of Solutions pumped on top of the bed and discharge adjusted. Samples taken from effluent then acidified immediately with nitric acid. Metals concentration perused by atomic emission spectrometer with ICP source. Collected data analyzed by SPSS software. Founds from this study shown that maximum removal efficiency for copper and zinc was 98.89% and 78.60% respectively effect of discharge, metal concentration and phosphate concentration factors in removal efficiency of zinc and cooper, discharge and phosphate concentration bilateral effect on cooper removal efficiency, phosphate concentration and metal concentration bilateral on zinc removal efficiency, are significant in 1%. In addition, phosphate concentration and discharge bilateral effect, metal concentration and discharge bilateral effect are significant on zinc removal efficiency in 5%. Finally, bilateral effects of discharge and metal concentration also metal concentration and phosphate concentration have not significant effect on cooper removal efficiency. Gravity single layer of rapid sandy filter with silica sand media in order to cooper removal in low concentration can be used successfully. This method in high concentration of cooper and also different concentration of zinc had not successful result; but in this condition, may be use of a series of filter with more depth