The normal range of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein in singleton midtrimester pregnancy of Korean women / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: To determine normal range of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFAFP) in midtrimester singleton Korean pregnant women whose pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were uneventful. METHODS: AFAFP levels were measured in midtrimester pregnancy during amniocentesis from May 1995 to September 2006 at tertiary referral center. Normal ranges were obtained from 954 singleton pregnancies in which pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were normal. RESULTS: Median values of AFAFP in midtrimester pregnancy were 15,800 ng/mL, 13,903.9 ng/mL, 11,408.7 ng/mL, 9,690.1 ng/mL, 6,923.4 ng/mL, 6,330.0 ng/mL, 5,295.3 ng/mL, 4,421.2 ng/mL, 3,162.5 ng/mL at 16 week, 17 week, 18 week, 19 week, 20 week, 21 week, 22 week, 23 week, and 24 week. CONCLUSION: The normal range of AFAFP level in each gestational week in Korean women could be a good reference for prenatal diagnosis of various disorders.

Rectal Bleeding and Its Management after Irradiation for Cervix Cancer / 대한방사선종양학회지

PURPOSE: Radiotherapy is the main treatment modality for uterine cervix cancer. Since the rectum is in the radiation target volume, rectal bleeding is a common late side effect. This study evaluates the risk factors of radiation induced rectal bleeding and discusses its optimal management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 213 patients who completed external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and intracavitary radiation (ICR) between September 1994 and December 1999 were included in this study. No patient had undergone concurrent chemo-radiotherapy. Ninety patients received radiotherapy according to a modified hyperfractionated schedule. A midline block was placed at a pelvic dose of between 30.6 Gy to 39.6 Gy. The total parametrial dose from the EBRT was 51 to 59 Gy depending on the extent of their disease. The point A dose from the HDR brachytherapy was 28 Gy to 30 Gy (4 Gyx7, or 5 Gyx6). The rectal point dose was calculated either by the ICRU 38 guideline, or by anterior rectal wall point seen on radiographs, with barium contrast. Rectal bleeding was scored by the LENT/SOMA criteria. For the management of rectal bleeding, we opted for observation, sucralfate enema or coagulation based on the frequency or amount of bleeding. The median follow-up period was 39 months (12~86 months). RESULTS: The incidence of rectal bleeding was 12.7% (27/213); graded as 1 in 9 patients, grade 2 in 16 and grade 3 in 2. The overall moderate and severe rectal complication rate was 8.5%. Most complications (92.6%) developed within 2 years following completion of radiotherapy (median 16 months). No patient progressed to rectal fistula or obstruction during the follow-up period. In the univariate analysis, three factors correlated with a high incidence of bleeding : an icruCRBED greater than 100 Gy (19.7% vs. 4.2%), an EBRT dose to the parametrium over 55 Gy (22.1% vs. 5.1%) and higher stages of III and IV (31.8% vs. 10.5%). In the multivariate analysis, the icruCRBED was the only significant factor (p>0.0432). The total parametrial dose from the EBRT had borderline significance (p=0.0546). Grade 1 bleeding was controlled without further management (3 patients), or with sucralfate enema 1 to 2 months after treatment. For grade 2 bleeding, sucralfate enema for 1 to 2 months reduced the frequency or amount of bleeding but for residual bleeding, additional coagulation was performed, where immediate cessation of bleeding was achieved (symptom duration of 3 to 10 months). Grade 3 bleeding lasted for 1 year even with multiple transfusions and coagulations. CONCLUSION: Moderate and severe rectal bleeding occurred in 8.5% of patients, which is comparable with other reports. The most significant risk factor for rectal bleeding was the accumulated dose to the rectum (icruCRBED), which corrected with consideration to biological equivalence. Prompt management of rectal bleeding, with a combination of sucralfate enema and coagulation, reduced the duration of the symptom, and minimized the anxiety/discomfort of patients.

The Efficacy of Sclerotherapy for Conservative Treatment of Ovarian Pseudocyst / 대한불임학회지

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of sclerotherapy for conservative treatment of ovarian pseudocyst. METHODS: Patients with ovarian pseudocyst who had undergone sclerotherapy at Ajou University Hospital from February, 1997 to March, 2002 were included in this study. Sclerotherapy was performed as follows: Under intravenous analgesia, the cyst was irrigated with dehydrated alcohol after aspiration under transvaginal sonography. The aspirated contents and alcohol irrigated contents were sent for cytologic examination. RESULTS: 71 patients with ovarian pseudocyst were performed sclerotherapy. All but 2 patients were followed up for 0.5 to 33 months with transvaginal sonography and pelvic examination. Mean age of the patients was 40 years old. Mean size of the pseudocyst was 8.0 cm, mean amount of aspiration fluid was 179.8 ml, and average follow-up duration was 6.0 months. All had abdominal or pelvic surgical history and 38 patients (58.9%) of them had undergone hysterectomy. 44 of 71 patients (62.0%) were performed sclerotherapy only one time. 27 patients (38.0%) recurred and were undergone more than one time. Complication was not occurred in all cases. CONSLUSIONS: We concluded that although pseudocyst after sclerotherapy has high recurrence rate, sclerotherapy was an safe and effective method for conservative treatment of ovarian pseudocyst.

The Efficacy of Sclerotherapy for Conservative Treatment of Ovarian Pseudocyst / 대한불임학회지

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of sclerotherapy for conservative treatment of ovarian pseudocyst. METHODS: Patients with ovarian pseudocyst who had undergone sclerotherapy at Ajou University Hospital from February, 1997 to March, 2002 were included in this study. Sclerotherapy was performed as follows: Under intravenous analgesia, the cyst was irrigated with dehydrated alcohol after aspiration under transvaginal sonography. The aspirated contents and alcohol irrigated contents were sent for cytologic examination. RESULTS: 71 patients with ovarian pseudocyst were performed sclerotherapy. All but 2 patients were followed up for 0.5 to 33 months with transvaginal sonography and pelvic examination. Mean age of the patients was 40 years old. Mean size of the pseudocyst was 8.0 cm, mean amount of aspiration fluid was 179.8 ml, and average follow-up duration was 6.0 months. All had abdominal or pelvic surgical history and 38 patients (58.9%) of them had undergone hysterectomy. 44 of 71 patients (62.0%) were performed sclerotherapy only one time. 27 patients (38.0%) recurred and were undergone more than one time. Complication was not occurred in all cases. CONSLUSIONS: We concluded that although pseudocyst after sclerotherapy has high recurrence rate, sclerotherapy was an safe and effective method for conservative treatment of ovarian pseudocyst.

Effects of Different Infusion Frequency of Liquid Nitrogen on Human Embryo Development and Pregnancy Rates after Freezing and Thawing / 대한불임학회지

OBJETIVE: To investigate the efficacy of high infusion frequency of liquid nitrogen on pregnancy in human embryo after freezing and thawing. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: 150 infertile patients underwent 162 consecutive thawing-ET cycles. In the high infusion frequency group (Group A), 47 patients (50 cycles) underwent cryopreservation with high infusion frequency of liquid nitrogen. In the low infusion frequency group (Group B), 103 patients (112 cycles) underwent cryopreservation with low infusion frequency of liquid nitrogen. We analyzed the clinical characteristics, fertilization rates, development of embryo, good quality embryo ratio, implantation rates, and pregnancy rates between these two groups. RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups with regard to clinical characteristics (mean age, infertility duration, infertility factors, hormone profile), mean number of oocyte retrieval, fertilization rates, and mean embryo number of transfers. The survival rates in group A was 64.9% (228 of 350 embryos), and among the 228 embryos 190 embryos (83.3%) which progressed to the two- to eight-cell stage. After thawing, the embryo numbers were 65 (34.2%), 29 (15.3%), 35 (18.4%), and 37 (19.5%) of grades 1, 2, 3, and above 4, respectively. The survival rates in group B was 63.8% (482 of 755 embryos), and among the 482 embryos 465 embryos (96.5%) which progressed to the two- to eight-cell stage. After thawing, the embryo numbers were 106 (22.8%), 94 (20.2%), 89 (19.1%), and 112 (24.1%) of grades 1, 2, 3, and above 4, respectively. There was no difference in embryo quality change after the freezing-thawing procedure between the groups. Implantation rates (31.1% vs. 34.3%) were not significant. However hCG positive rates in group A (40%) were higher than group B, but not statistically significant. Clinical pregnancy rate (26% vs. 25.9%), on going pregnancy rates (>20 weeks) were not significant (26% vs. 25%). CONCLUSION: We compared embryo quality change, survival rates, and pregnancy rates between high infusion frequency group and low infusion frequency group and the results were similar between the two groups. Therefore, high infusion frequency of liquid nitrogen for cryopreservation is a worthy method to preserve in human embryos.

Intrauterine Intussusception Presenting as Transient Fetal Ascites / 대한주산의학회잡지

No abstract available.

A Case of Primary Choriocarcinoma of The Fallopian Tube / 대한부인종양콜포스코피학회잡지

Choriocarcinoma is a relatively rare malignancy of which characteristic is rapid metastasis to the other organs. It is related to the previous gestation or originated from the teratoma. Choriocarcinoma is mostly originated from the intrauterine chorionic villi, but it is rarely originated from the utreine cervix, fallopian tube, ovary, vagina and pelvic cavity. Primary choriocarcinoma of the fallopian tube is exceedingly rare and it is originated from ectopic tubal pregnancy, tubal migration from the intrauterine pregnancy or intratubal teratoma. 9 Symptoms and signs of the choriocarcinoma originated from the ectopic pregnancy are abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, palpable adnexal mass, positive pregnancy test and amenorrhea. Thus it is difficult to distinguish choriocarcinoma from ectopic pregnancy on the basis of symptoms before the microscopic diagnosis presented.20 Effective treatment of choriocarcinoma is chemotherapy. Additional operation is possible. B-HCG is a useful measure for the follow up. We experienced a 36-year-old multigravida Korean woman who was diagnosed as the rupture of ectopic pregnancy after left salpingectomy in our hospital and then confirmed primary choriocarcinoma of the fallopian tube without metastasis on microscopic finding. Postoperative chemotherapy was performed with methotrexate. The follow up of disease is still on going at two month intervals and she has remained healthy, We report this case with review of literatures.

A Case of Amniotoc Fluid Embolism in Cervical Vesseles after Delivery / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Ammiotic fluid embolism(AFE) is an often-devastating condition of pregnancy with high mortality. The diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism is generally made postmortem and rests upon the morphological demonstration of amniotic fluid debris including fetal epithelial squames and hair in the pulmonary vasculature. We have made the diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism by detection of amniotic fluid debris in cervical blood vessels ension with profuse postpartum hemorrhage and evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, cervical laceration after uneventful delivery. Amniotic fluid debris were only demonstrated in the blood vessels of cervical laceration site. We present a case of amniotic fluid embolism which was diagnosed at postpartum hysterectomy specimen via thorough histological examination.

The Clinical Efficacy of Lamellar Body Count to Predict Fetal Lung Maturity / 대한산부인과학회잡지

From July 1994 through August 1995, 31 patients who delivered before 37 weeks gestation at the Ajou University Hospital were tested for lamellar body count in the amniotic fluid. The obtained results are summarized as follows; 1. Lamellar body count was associated with 1 minute Apgar score(p=0.02). 2. There was no sexual, gestational and birth weight differences in the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome. 3. Lamellar body count showed that the positive predictive value for respiratory distress syndrome was 90.0 %, the negative predictive value was 95.2 %, and the sensitivity was 90.0 %, and the specificity was 95.2 %, therefore it may be regarded as more accurate than other previously employed methods. This study suggests that the lamellar body count reflects fetal lung maturity sufficiently to assure that the neonate will not develop respiratory distress syndrome, and can be used as a quick screening test or one in series of tests for thorough assessment of fetal lung maturity.