Total triterpenoids from Ganoderma Lucidum suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

In this study, one immortalized human normal prostatic epithelial cell line (BPH) and four human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, 22Rv1, PC-3, and DU-145) were treated with Ganoderma Lucidum triterpenoids (GLT) at different doses and for different time periods. Cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry and chemical assays. Gene expression and binding to DNA were assessed using real-time PCR and Western blotting. It was found that GLT dose-dependently inhibited prostate cancer cell growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. GLT-induced apoptosis was due to activation of Caspases-9 and -3 and turning on the downstream apoptotic events. GLT-induced cell cycle arrest (mainly G1 arrest) was due to up-regulation of p21 expression at the early time and down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and E2F1 expression at the late time. These findings demonstrate that GLT suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis, which might suggest that GLT or Ganoderma Lucidum could be used as a potential therapeutic drug for prostate cancer.

Antioxidative protective effect of icariin on the FeSO4/H 2O 2-damaged human sperm based on confocal raman micro-spectroscopy / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Oxidative stress is implicated in male infertility and significantly higher reactive oxygen species are detected in 25% of infertile males. Although different agents of various alternative medicines, including traditional Chinese medicine, have been tried with varying success, evidence remains limited on whether and how much herbs or supplements might help increase the anti-oxidant ability of the sperm. This study examined the anti-oxidative effects of icariin, a flavonoid isolated from Herba Epimedii, on the human sperm. We prepared the FeSO4/H2O2-damaged human sperms, which were co-cultured with icariin in vitro, and then observed the changes of the sperm by employing Raman micro-spectroscopy. The results showed that Raman mapping with a 514 nm excitation laser allowed clear differentiation of the nucleus, neck, and, in particular, the mitochondria-rich middle piece of a human sperm cell. The effect of icariin on different organelles of the sperm was quantified by localized spectral Raman signatures obtained within milli-seconds, and icariin could keep the "Raman fingerprint" of the human sperm the same as the control groups, suggesting that icariin could protect the human sperm from being damaged by FeSO4/H2O2. Icariin may serve as a tonifying and replenishing agent of herbal origin for enhancing reproductive functions.

Antioxidative protective effect of icariin on the FeSO4/H 2O 2-damaged human sperm based on confocal raman micro-spectroscopy / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Oxidative stress is implicated in male infertility and significantly higher reactive oxygen species are detected in 25% of infertile males. Although different agents of various alternative medicines, including traditional Chinese medicine, have been tried with varying success, evidence remains limited on whether and how much herbs or supplements might help increase the anti-oxidant ability of the sperm. This study examined the anti-oxidative effects of icariin, a flavonoid isolated from Herba Epimedii, on the human sperm. We prepared the FeSO4/H2O2-damaged human sperms, which were co-cultured with icariin in vitro, and then observed the changes of the sperm by employing Raman micro-spectroscopy. The results showed that Raman mapping with a 514 nm excitation laser allowed clear differentiation of the nucleus, neck, and, in particular, the mitochondria-rich middle piece of a human sperm cell. The effect of icariin on different organelles of the sperm was quantified by localized spectral Raman signatures obtained within milli-seconds, and icariin could keep the "Raman fingerprint" of the human sperm the same as the control groups, suggesting that icariin could protect the human sperm from being damaged by FeSO4/H2O2. Icariin may serve as a tonifying and replenishing agent of herbal origin for enhancing reproductive functions.

Microsurgical transverse 2-suture intussusception vasoepididymostomy: effectiveness and rationality / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>2-Suture longitudinal vasoepididymostomy shows superiority to transverse technique in an animal study; to date, this has not been consistently confirmed in human body. In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of 2-suture transverse intussusception vasoepididymostomy and compared the rationality between transverse and longitudinal techniques.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From May 2007 to December 2008, we performed 2-suture transverse vasoepididymostomy in 19 consecutive patients, as described by Marmar with modification. Between March 2009 and January 2010, the internal diameter of the vas lumen and the outer diameter of the epididymal tube were measured using microruler (21 patients and 37 sides).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three patients lost to follow-up. At the first follow-up period (ranged from 10 to 24 months), the patency rate was 56.3% (9/16) and the natural pregnancy rate was 25% (4/16). At the second follow-up period (ranged from 46 to 63 months), the patency rate was 68.8% (11/16), the natural pregnancy rate was 37.5% (6/16), respectively, and the take-home baby rate was 31.3% (5/16). The diameter of the vas lumen and the outer diameter of the epididymal tubule were (0.512 ± 0.046) mm and (0.572 ± 0.051) mm (P < 0.001), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Transverse 2-suture intussusception vasoepididymostomy is still an effective technique in treating obstructive azoospermia.</p>

Effects of plant extract neferine on cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in rabbit corpus cavernosum in vitro / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To further investigate the relaxation mechanism of neferine (Nef), a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted (isolated) from the green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn in China, on rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The effects of Nef on the concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in isolated and incubated rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue were recorded using 125I radioimmunoassay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The basal concentration of cAMP in corpus cavernosum tissue was 5.67 +/- 0.97 pmol/mg. Nef increased the cAMP concentration in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), but this effect was not inhibited by an adenylate cyclase inhibitor (cis-N-[2-phenylcyclopentyl]azacyclotridec-1-en-2-amine, MDL-12, 330A) (P > 0.05). The accumulation of cAMP induced by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1, a stimulator of cAMP production) was also augmented by Nef in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The basal concentration of cGMP in corpus cavernosum tissue is 0.44 +/- 0.09 pmol/mg. Nef did not affect this concentration of cGMP, either in the presence or in the absence of a guanyl cyclase inhibitor (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, ODQ) (P > 0.05). Also, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a stimulator of cGMP production)-induced cGMP production was not enhanced by Nef (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Nef, with its relaxation mechanism, can enhance the concentration of cAMP in rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue, probably by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity.</p>

Etiology and individualized treatment of erectile dysfunction in young adult men: a report of 110 cases / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the etiology and individualized treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in young adult men.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Included in the investigation were 110 young adult men with ED, at the mean age of 28 (ranging from 22 to 39) and with the average disease course of 24 months (ranging from 6 to 48). The etiology of ED was determined for each patient by history inquiry, medical examination, laboratory investigation and erectile function test, and then individualized therapies were administered accordingly.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of all the diagnosed cases of ED, 42 (38.2%) were psychogenic, 36 (32.7%) organic and 32 (29.1%) of the mixed type. Four cases of schizophrenia were transferred elsewhere, 4 pelvic fracture induced cases gave up treatment, and the other 102 received individualized therapies, with the average effectiveness rate of 88.2%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Determination of the etiology of ED and the corresponding individualized treatment is the linchpin for improving the therapeutic effect of ED in young adult men.</p>

Effects of senility on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and cell apoptosis in rat penis / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the effect of senility on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and apoptosis in rat penis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The rats were divided into three groups randomly: senescent, aged and young. Their penises were harvested to detect iNOS expression by immunohistochemistry and cell apoptosis rate by TUNEL, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>iNOS expression were 0.24 +/- 0.03, 0.17 +/- 0.02, 0.12 +/- 0.03 (relative A) and cell apoptosis rate were (1.41 +/- 0.78)%, (0.94 +/- 0.43)% and (0.50 +/- 0.23 )%, respectively, in the tissues of three groups. The differences among three groups were considerable significance (P <0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It maybe one of the mechanisms of erectile dysfunction in the aging male that senility causes the increase of iNOS expression and cell apoptosis.</p>

Expression of the kallikreins-kinins system in the corpus cavernosum of rats / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression of the kallikreins-kinins system in the corpus cavernosum of rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of tissue kallikrein I and kinin B2 receptor gene in the corpus cavernosum and heart of adult rats was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The tissue kallikrein I and kinin B2 receptor were detected in the corpus cavernosum as well as in the heart of the rats and the contents were similar.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A kallikreins-kinins system exists in the corpus cavernosum of rats, and the content is rich, almost similar to that in the heart.</p>

The relaxation effects of six extracts from Chinese herbs on the corpus cavernosum tissue of rabbit in vitro / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relaxants effects of six extractions from Chinese Herbs (neferine, tetrandrine, kakonein, scutellarin, ginsenoside Rgl and ginsenoside Rb1) on the corpus cavernosum tissue of rabbit in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Isolated stripes of rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue were precontracted with 10(-5) mol/L phenylephrine (PE). Relaxation in response to cumulative doses of six extracts at (10(-8) - 10(-3)) mol/L was determined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>On rabbit cavernosal muscle stripes precontracted with PE, neferine, tetrandrine, kakonein and scutellarin showed dose dependent relaxation. IC50 values were 4.60 x 10(-6), 3.73 x 10(-5), 8.03 x 10(-4) and 3.33 x 10(-3) mol/L, respectively. However, in the meantime, it was found that the relaxant effects of ginsenoside Rgl and ginsenoside Rbl less significant to stripes precontracted with PE. When the final concentration was 10(-3) mol/L, the relaxations were only (16.32 +/- 5.45)% and (11.21 +/- 3.10)%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Among the six extracts which showed relaxant effects to rabbit cavernosal muscle stripes precontracted with PE, neferine had greater functions than the other five extracts.</p>

The relaxation effects of tetrandrine on the corpus cavernosum tissue of rabbit in vitro / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the relaxation effects of tetrandrine on the corpus cavernosum tissue of rabbit in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>1. The fluctuation of the dose-response relaxation curves for the contraction of KCl induced by tetrandrine was observed with isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue. 2. Isolated strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue were precontracted with 10 mumol/L phenylephrine(PE). Relaxation in response to cumulative doses of tetrandrine was determined in the absence and presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NNA) and soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (methylthioninium).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>1. The dose-response curves of KCl were shifted to the right nonparallelly, and the maximal responses were depressed to (73.0 +/- 3.8)% and (41.5 +/- 3.4)%, respectively, in the presence of tetrandrine(10 mumol/L, 30 mumol/L). 2. On rabbit cavernosal muscle stripes precontracted with PE(10 mumol/L), increasing concentrations of tetrandrine (1 mumol/L, 10 mumol/L, 30 mumol/L and 100 mumol/L) showed dose dependent relaxation [(6.0 +/- 1.4)%, (21.3 +/- 2.2)%, (47.4 +/- 3.3)%, and (68.1 +/- 3.6)%, P < 0.01]. However, in the meantime, it was found that these relaxation effects were not affected by the presence of L-NNA and methylthioninium (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Tetrandrine was effective in relaxing rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue in vitro in a dose-dependent style. The mechanism might be related with its blocking effect on calcium channel, but not the NO-cGMP passage.</p>

Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on cytosolic free calcium concentration in penis corpus cavernsum smooth muscle cells in rabbits / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of Chinese medicine tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in cultured penis corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cell (PCSMC) in rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By using laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), the [Ca2+]i fluorescence signal changes was investigated in cultured PCSMC loaded with Ca2+ indicator Fluo-3/AM and divided into potassium chloride(KCl) group and norepinephrine (NE) group. Compared with verapamil (Ver), the effects of TMP was observed in different concentrations on [Ca2+]i increase induced by high potassium and NE.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>TMP had no obvious effect on resting PCSMC [Ca2+]i. It was found that 1, 10, 100 mumol/L TMP significantly inhibited [Ca2+]i increase induced by high potassium-depolarization. The peak inhibition rates were (38.6 +/- 3.0)%, (44.1 +/- 2.4)% and (53.7 +/- 4.1)% respectively. TMP could also inhibit cytosolic calcium pool release induced by 1 mumol/L NE. The peak inhibition rates were (13.9 +/- 2.7)%, (21.2 +/- 1.9)% and (29.5 +/- 3.6)% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TMP can inhibit rabbit PCSMC [Ca2+]i significantly by suppressing voltage-dependent calcium channel and cytosolic calcium pool release. The effect, similar to Ver, signifies the important mechanism of erectile dysfunction (ED) therapy.</p>

Advance in calcium channel blockers relaxing corpus cavernosum smooth muscle / 中华男科学杂志

Calcium channels exist extensively in the membrane of cardiac, skeletal, smooth muscle cell and neuron. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) were widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases because they could relax vascular smooth muscle. Experimental researches on calcium channel blockers relaxing corpus cavernosum smooth muscle have been reported recently. Whether the blockers can be used for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction still need to be further investigated.