Complement activation in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced renal interstitial fibrosis / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To explore the mechanism of cisplatin-induced renal interstitial fibrosis and provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis.Methods:Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (specific pathogen-free) were used to carry out the experiment. The mice were divided into cisplatin group (10 mg/kg, n=6) and saline group ( n=6) with intraperitoneal injection on day 0, 7 and 21, and sacrificed on day 28. The kidney tissues were collected for RNA Illumina high-throughput sequencing, real-time PCR, Western blotting, Masson staining and bioinformatics analysis. Results:Through real-time PCR, Western blotting and Masson staining, a mouse model with cisplatin-induced renal interstitial fibrosis was successfully established. Through RNA Illumina high-throughput sequencing, 387 long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and 2 427 mRNA were differently expressed between cisplatin group and saline group. The expression of the top two lncRNA was confirmed by real-time PCR with the same tendency as RNA sequencing. Complement C3 was found to be at the top among the different expressed mRNA by RNA sequencing. Several terms related to immunity were found to be within the top 20 terms through Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Systemic lupus erythematous pathway (ko05322, Q=3.4E-17), including the complement cascade pathway, was found to be the top pathway through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The mRNA expression levels of C1q, C2, C3 and C4 were up-regulated remarkably in the cisplatin group by RNA sequencing than those in saline group (all P<0.05) and confirmed by real-time PCR. Conclusions:Renal interstitial fibrosis can be induced by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin periodically in mice, with complement cascade pathway activation in the diseased kidney.

Circulation and etiological characterization of Salmonella enterica serotype in human in Guangdong province, 2007-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the circulation, drug resistance and molecular characteristics of Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i:- in human in Guangdong province. Methods:Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i:- isolated from diarrhea patients in Guangdong during 2007-2016 were detected for drug resistance, genes and PFGE characteristics. Results: A total of 2 960 strains Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i: - were isolated from human diarrhea cases during this period. The positive rates of the isolation increased year by year. The male to female ratio of the infection cases was 1.58∶1, and the infection mainly occurred in infants and young children. Except imipenem, Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i: - was resistant to other 17 antibiotics to some extent. The drug resistant rates to ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin increased from 2011 to 2016. Multi-drug resistance was serious, for example, the multi-drug resistant strains with ASSuT accounted for 70.62% (435/616) and the multi-drug resistant strains with ACSuGSTTm accounted for 27.11% (167/616). The lack of fljA, fljB and hin genes, as well as the retaining of iroB, STM2740, STM2757 genes, resulted in the unable expression of FljBenx gene with 8 different defection profiles. There were 934 different PFGE patterns observed in 2 347 strains, which displayed a relatively large fingerprint polymorphism. The major PFGE pattern was JPXX01. GD0226, which was found in 97 strains, accounting for 4.13% (97/2 347). The PFGE patterns in 168 Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i: - strains were consistent with that of Salmonella typhimurium. Conclusions:Salmonella1,4,[5], 12: i: - strains has become the major serotype of Salmonella that cause diarrhea in human in Guangdong. The multi-drug resistance of Salmonella1,4, [5], 12: i: - was serious, and since the defection of fljA, fljB and hin genes, the expression of FljBenx protein failed. The PFGE results were diverse, which displayed polymorphism in inheritance.

Circulation and etiological characterization of Salmonella enterica serotype in human in Guangdong province, 2007-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the circulation,drug resistance and molecular characteristics of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-in human in Guangdong province.Methods Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-isolated from diarrhea patients in Guangdong during 2007-2016 were detected for drug resistance,genes and PFGE characteristics.Results A total of 2 960 strains Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-were isolated from human diarrhea cases during this period.The positive rates of the isolation increased year by year.The male to female ratio of the infection cases was 1.58 ∶ 1,and the infection mainly occurred in infants and young children.Except imipenem,Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-was resistant to other 17 antibiotics to some extent.The drug resistant rates to ceftazidime,cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin increased from 2011 to 2016.Multi-drug resistance was serious,for example,the multi-drug resistant strains with ASSuT accounted for 70.62％ (435/616) and the multi-drug resistant strains with ACSuGSTTm accounted for 27.11％ (167/616).The lack offljA,fljB and hin genes,as well as the retaining of iroB,STM2740,STM2757 genes,resulted in the unable expression of FljBenx gene with 8 different defection profiles.There were 934 different PFGE patterns observed in 2 347 strains,which displayed a relatively large fingerprint polymorphism.The major PFGE pattern was JPXX01.GD0226,which was found in 97 strains,accounting for 4.13％ (97/2 347).The PFGE patterns in 168 Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-strains were consistent with that of Salmonella typhimurium.Conclusions Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-strains has become the major serotype of Salmonella that cause diarrhea in human in Guangdong.The multi-drug resistance of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-was serious,and since the defection offljA,fljB and hin genes,the expression of FljBenx protein failed.The PFGE results were diverse,which displayed polymorphism in inheritance.

Monitoring of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infections in patients in Guangdong Province during 2013 to 2016 / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the infection status, serotype distribution, drug sensitivity and molecular characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in patients with diarrhea in Guangdong Province. Methods Fecal samples were collected, cultured and isolated by traditional methods. Suspected Escherichia coli isolates were confirmed by multiplex PCR used for detecting specific virulence genes and bio-chemical methods. Positive strains were serotyped, characterized for drug sensitivity and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ( PFGE). Results The total positive rate of DEC in patients with diarrhea was 6.26%. The positive rates of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), enteroadherent Escherichia coli (EAEC) and en-teroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) were 2. 47% , 1. 54% , 1. 32% , 0. 62% and 0. 09% , respectively, with infections primarily in children aged 0-<7 years. The total seropositive rate was 52. 54% , with EHEC accounting for 15. 00% . DEC showed high sensitivity to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and cefo-taxime. The multidrug resistance rate of DEC was 58. 45% , with EPEC being the most serious for multidrug resistance. PFGE results showed that ETEC, EHEC, EPEC and EAEC had a high degree of polymorphism. Conclusion EPEC is the predominant type of DEC circulating in Guangdong Province. Third-generation cephalosporins are the first drugs of choice for treating infections in children. Ciprofloxacin can be used to treat adults. The problem of multiple drug resistance of DEC is severe and efforts to monitor DEC infections and drug resistance should be strengthened.

Surveillance and drug resistance analysis of Salmonella in Guangdong province in 2015 / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To analyze the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance characteristics of Salmonella strains isolated in Guangdong province for better understanding the condition of Salmonella infection in patients with diarrhea.Methods Fecal samples collected from patients with diarrhea in Guangdong province were used to isolate Salmonella strains.Biochemical analysis was performed to identify these isolated strains.Serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out for further analysis of the isolated Salmonella strains.Results The rate of Salmonella infection was 7.64％in 2015, and the male to female patient ratio was 1.52∶1.A total of 2 377 patients of all age groups were positive for Salmonella infection and the patients aged 0-6 years accounted for 81.74％.The isolation rate of Salmonella strains in the summer and autumn was higher than that in the winter and spring (10.73％ vs 4.24％;X2=463.77, P<0.01).The Salmonella isolation rates in different areas were as follows: 16.82％ in Zhuhai, 15.85％ in Heyuan, 11.81％ in Yangjiang, 10.68％ in Jiangmen, 8.49％ in Zhongshan, 8.07％ in Maoming, 8.05％ in Jieyang, 7.35％ in Shaoguan, 6.97％ in Foshan, 6.03％ in Dongguan, 5.48％ in Guangzhou and 0.00％ in Zhanjiang.And the differences between different regions were statistically significant (X2=367.67, P<0.01).The 2 377 isolated Salmonella strains were classified into 108 serotypes except for oneSalmonella strain that could not be classified.The top four predominant serotypes were 4,5,12:i:-, Salmonella enteritidis,Salmonella stanley and Salmonella typhimurium.Most Salmonella strains were sensitive to imipenem, azithromycin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, but multidrug resistance was common among those strains.Conclusion Salmonella serotypes of 4,5,12:i:-and Salmonella enteritidis are the predominant pathogens causing human Salmonella infections in Guangdong province.Ceftazidime and cefotaximeare are preferred in the treatment of Salmonella infections.Surveillance for drug resistance in Salmonella should be strengthened as multidrug resistant strains have become a serious problem in Guangdong province.

Preparation of simulated stool specimens for proficiency testing scheme on the detection of Salmonella and Shigella / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To prepare simulated stool specimens for proficiency testing ( PT) by mix-ing lentils with Salmonella, Shigella and Escherichia coli strains and to establish an assessment scheme for the detection of Salmonella and Shigella in clinical samples. Methods Salmonella, Shigella and Escherich-ia coli strains were respectively spiked to lentils in Cary-Blair transport medium to create simulated stool specimens. Various ratios of Escherichia coli to Salmonella strains were spiked to lentils to prepare mixed simulated stool specimens. The accuracy and stability of prepared stool samples for PT were tested in-house. Results of sample detection were collected from participating laboratories for further external quality assess-ment. Results The Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains mixed at ratios of 100 ∶ 1 to 106 ∶ 1 could be ef-ficiently isolated from the media. Enrichment was needed in order to effectively isolate Salmonella strains from the media when the ratios of Escherichia coli to Salmonella strains were 104 ∶ 1 to 106 ∶ 1. Of the16 participating laboratories, 14 laboratories (87. 5%) received a grade of“satisfactory” and the other 2 labo-ratories (12. 5%) received a grade of “mainly satisfactory”. Conclusion The simulated stool specimens and the PT procedures designed in this study were suitable for proficiency testing program on the detection of Salmonella, Shigella and other similar microbes.

Study on Salmonella serotyping by use of Microsphere-based Liquid Array method / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the effect ofserotyping on Salmonella isolates,by use of Microsphere-based Liquid Array method,among diarrhea patients,in Guangdong.Methods Salmonella isolated from humans in Guangdong province were serotyped on the Microsphere-based Liquid Array platform with SSA kit.Results A total of 4 942 Salmonella strains with 189 serotypes,were identified in Guangdong province in 2010-2014.The top 100 serotypes accounted for 98.08％ (4 847/4 942) of all the strains.98％ of the top 100 species serotypes could completely be serotyped with SSA kit.In order to detect O antigen among 198 isolates with SSA kit,181 strains were carrying the O antigen,with the coincidence rate as 100％.However,under the SSA,98.32％ (528/537) of the H antigen could be detected and were consistent with the traditional serum agglutination test.The coincidence rate of fljB gene was 93.09％ (175/188),with false negative rate and false positive rate of fljB gene as 7.35％ (9/134) and 7.41％ (4/54) respectively.The coincidence rate of sdf gene and Vi gene were 100％.11 out of the 12 Salmonella strains could not be serotyped under the traditional methods but were successfully serotyped by the molecular serotyping method.Conclusions Using the SSA kit,more than 96％ of the anthropogenic Salmonella strains could be serotyped in Guangdong province.Comparing with the traditional methods,the coincidence rate of serotyping appeared over 98％.Under the Microsphere-based Liquid Array techniques,the molecular serotyping method appeared faster and more accurate on Salmonella serotyping than those traditional methods.

Study on Salmonella serotyping by use of Microsphere-based Liquid Array method / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the effect ofserotyping on Salmonella isolates,by use of Microsphere-based Liquid Array method,among diarrhea patients,in Guangdong.Methods Salmonella isolated from humans in Guangdong province were serotyped on the Microsphere-based Liquid Array platform with SSA kit.Results A total of 4 942 Salmonella strains with 189 serotypes,were identified in Guangdong province in 2010-2014.The top 100 serotypes accounted for 98.08％ (4 847/4 942) of all the strains.98％ of the top 100 species serotypes could completely be serotyped with SSA kit.In order to detect O antigen among 198 isolates with SSA kit,181 strains were carrying the O antigen,with the coincidence rate as 100％.However,under the SSA,98.32％ (528/537) of the H antigen could be detected and were consistent with the traditional serum agglutination test.The coincidence rate of fljB gene was 93.09％ (175/188),with false negative rate and false positive rate of fljB gene as 7.35％ (9/134) and 7.41％ (4/54) respectively.The coincidence rate of sdf gene and Vi gene were 100％.11 out of the 12 Salmonella strains could not be serotyped under the traditional methods but were successfully serotyped by the molecular serotyping method.Conclusions Using the SSA kit,more than 96％ of the anthropogenic Salmonella strains could be serotyped in Guangdong province.Comparing with the traditional methods,the coincidence rate of serotyping appeared over 98％.Under the Microsphere-based Liquid Array techniques,the molecular serotyping method appeared faster and more accurate on Salmonella serotyping than those traditional methods.

The value of spiral CT in diagnosis of blunt duodenum trauma / 中国基层医药

Objective To elevate the diagnosis value of spiral CT in blunt duodenum trauma. Methods 9 cases of blunt duodenum trauma proved by operation or clinical were analysed retrospectively. Results 9 cases of blunt duodenum trauma were all diagnosed accurately before operation. The main CT signs were duodenal wall thick- ening; duodenal wall hematoma; free retroperitonea air; free retroperitouea fluid and retoperitonea hematoma. Conclu- sion Spiral CT scan have important clinical value in diagnosis of blunt duodenum trauma.

The CT Feature of Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) Associated with Clonorchiasis / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the CT imaging feature of EHCC associated with Clonorchiasis. Methods The CT image features of 18 patients with EHCC associated with Clonorchiasis proved by operation and pathology were reviewed retrospectively. Results CT depicited the level and cause of obstruction in all eigthteen patient. Most tumors( n =14,77.8%)were located in the proximal third of the extrahepatic bile duct. The gross morphologic pattern was an intraluminal soft tissue mass leision in 14 patients(77.8%), infiltrating in two patients and exophytic types in two patients. Contrast enhancement of the tumors relative to the liver parenchyma showed isoattenueation in 10 tumors(55.6%), hyperattenuation in seven tumors(38.9%) and hypoattenuation in one tumor(5.6%). Severe,uniform dilation of the intrahepatic bile duct was identified in 14 patients (77.8%) and central dilation was seen in four patients (23.2%).Male preponderance was found( n =15,83.3%). Conclusion It is concluded that the EHCC associated with Clonorchiasis is located predominantly in the proximal third of the extrahepatic bile duct and detected more readily than non Clonorchiasis-associated cholangiocacinoma.

The Values of CT and ERCP in Acute Biliary Tract Obstruction Associated with Clonorchiasis / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the values of computed tomography(CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopanc reatography(ERCP) in acute biliary tract obstruction associated with Clonorchiasis. Methods The image features of 47 patients with acute biliary tract obstruction associated with Clonorchiasis proved by operation (27 cases) and ERCP (20 cases) were reviewed retrospectively. Results Fourty-three cases showed equal intrahepatic bile duct diffuse dilatation from porta hepatis to capusle with different levels in CT, and 39 cases showed extrahepatic bile duct dilatation. There was no significant relationship for the extent of intra and extrahepatic bile duct dilatation. It showed the end of intrahepatic bile duct shaped like a bag in 41 cases, a enlarged gallbladder in 38 cases, and 9 cases with a soft intralumenal masses. There were 13 patients with pancreas swelling and 8 with pancreatic duct dilatation. Of the 20 patients underwent ERCP, eighteen cases showed intrahepatic bile duct diffuse dilatation with the end shaped like a bag, and 16 showed extrahepatic bile duct dilatation. Irregular filling-defect was seen in the common bile duct in 9 cases. The obstruction were relieved after Oddi's muscle endoscopic sphincrectomy(EST). Conclusion The patients with acute obstructive jaundice can be diagnosed as Clonorchiasis, if CT or ERCP showed equal intrahepatic bile duct diffuse dilatation with the end shaped like a bag and with extrahepatic bile duct dilatation, which can be confirmed by the worms and eggs found in the drawing-out bile, and the obstruction can be relived by EST.