A Study of Nutrient Intakes, Blood Lipids and Bone Mineral Density according to Obesity Degree by Percentage of Body Fat and Age between Male and Female Teacher in Jeonbuk Province, Korea / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes, blood lipids and bone mineral density of male (n = 59) and female (n = 172) teachers according to the obesity index by percentage of body fat and age. The energy intakes of obesity group were higher than normal group in male (p < 0.05), but were not significant in female. The protein intake ratio among three energy nutrients for male was higher than female (p < 0.001), and lipid intake ratio of obesity group in female was a little higher than male that was not significant. TC, LDL, TC/HDL, risk of coronary heart disease, blood glucose and blood pressure of obesity group were higher than normal group in female (p < 0.01 ~ p < 0.001), but were little significance in male. Risk of coronary heart disease was affected by gender (p < 0.001), obesity degree (p < 0.01), age (p < 0.001), and interaction of gender and age (p < 0.001). Blood glucose was affected by obesity degree (p < 0.05), but was not affected by age. T-scores of forearm for female (= -1.42) were lower than that of male (= -0.95), and T-scores of obesity group in male (= 0.12) were higher than that of normal group (= -0.33) but were not significant in female. The T-scores of forearm for female were affected by age (p < 0.05) and gender (p < 0.01), but calcaneus was not affected by gender. These results suggest lipid intake ratio should be balanced for obesity group in female. Nutritional education for treatment obesity to prevent hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis is necessary for obesity group and older age groups. T-scores of forearm were lower than calcaneus, so arm exercise would be especially required to prevent osteoporosis for older age women groups.

A Study on Weight Control Behaviour, Eating Habits and Health-related Life Habits according to Obesity Degree by Body Fat Percentage among Middle-aged Women in Gunsan City / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare weight control behaviour, eating habits and health-related life habits according to the obesity degree by body fat percentage (%Fat) among middle-aged women. The subjects were 170 middle-aged women who lived Gunsan City, and they were assigned to one of the following groups based on their %Fat; normal weight group (18% - < 28%), overweight group (28% - < 33%) and obesity group (over 33%). The height, body weight, %Fat, the circumference of waist and hip of them were measured. Eating habits and health-related life habits were evaluated based on questionnaires. The results were as follows. Their weight, %Fat, body mass index (BMI), relative body weight (RBW), waist, hip, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly higher in the obesity subjects when compared to the normal and overweight subjects. Self-perception for weight (p < 0.001), desire for weight control (p < 0.01), and reasons of weight control (p < 0.05) were different among three groups. The main skipped meal was breakfast (67.9%), reasons of skipping meals were different among three groups (p < 0.05), and main reasons were "lose one's appetite" and "have not enough time". Food habits score for each food was not significantly different among three groups, but eating the meal on thinking with food combination in normal group was higher than overweight and obesity group (p < 0.01). Correlation coefficients of food habits score and anthropometric measurements were that salty of food was negative and food habits scores were positive correlation for anthropometric measurements and obesity index (p < 0.05 - p < 0.001). Frequency of exercise and fitting exercise for body were different among three groups (p < 0.05). Obesity group was lower frequency of exercise than the other groups. Regular diet was positive correlation with food combination (p < 0.01), taking fish (p < 0.05), taking vegetables (p < 0.01), taking bean products (p < 0.01) and food habits score (p < 0.01), frequency of eating out and snacks were negative correlation with taking fruits and fishes. Therefore, proper nutritional education for middle-aged women in obesity group is recommended regular diet, good food habits and exercise. The middle-aged women must decrease the frequency of eating out, snack and the salty foods, and increase the fruits and vegetables. They must have healthy life styles for exercise, smoking, and drinking.

Nutrient Intakes and Blood Lipids According to Obesity Degree by Body Fat Percentage among Middle-Aged Women in Gunsan City / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes and blood lipids of middle-aged women according to the obesity index by %Fat. Subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on percentage of body fat (%Fat): normal weight (18% ~ < 28%), overweight (28% ~ < 33%) and obesity (over 33%). Nutrient intakes were evaluated based on questionnaires of 24 hours recall method and blood lipids were analyzed by blood analyzer. The results were as follows. 1) Nutrient intakes were that carbohydrates and fat intakes in obesity group were higher than normal and overweight group but the difference was not significant, and protein intake rate was similar all groups. The intake rate of calcium was higher in normal group than obesity group (p < 0.05), and obesity group ingested under dietary reference intakes. The intake rate of iron was higher in obesity group than normal group (p < 0.05). 2) TG, TC, VLDL and TC/HDL in obesity group were higher than normal group (p < 0.001). The attack rate of coronary heart disease in obesity group is higher than normal group (p < 0.01), LDL, blood glucose and blood pressure in obesity group were higher than normal group (p < 0.01), and HDL was a little higher in normal group than obesity group, but the difference was not significant. 3) The correlation of anthropometric measurements, blood glucose, blood lipid, and blood pressure had significant results. Weight was associated positive level with blood glucose, blood lipid and blood pressure. Waist and WHR were associated positive level with blood glucose and blood lipid but weren't associated with blood pressure. BMI was associated positive level with blood glucose, blood lipid and blood pressure, %Fat was associated positive level with blood lipid and blood pressure, but wasn't associated with blood glucose. These results suggest that the decrease of waist on blood glucose control is better than decrease of % Fat and BMI, the decrease of %Fat and BMI on blood pressure control is better than decrease of waist, and the decrease of %Fat on blood lipid control is better than waist and BMI. The nutritional education for obesity treatment must perform to analyze the blood and assess the obesity degree by %Fat, waist and BMI before nutritional education, so the obesity treatment will be effectively.

A Study on Nutrient Intakes and Blood Lipids of Middle Aged Men Living in Jeonbuk Province by Percentage of Body Fat / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes and blood lipids according to the obesity index of middle aged men. Subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on percentage of body fat (%Fat),; normal weight (10-20% fat), overweight (20-25% fat) and obesity (over 25% fat). Nutrient intakes were evaluated based on questionnaires and 24 hour recall method and blood lipids were analyzed by blood analyzer. The results were as follows: 1) Nutrient intakes were that carbohydrate intake rate in obesity group was lower than normal group and lipids intake rate in obesity group was higher than normal group. The intake of riboflavin and folic acid were differ normal and obesity group (p < 0.05), and normal group ingested under recommended intake. 2) Total-cholesterol, LDLcholesterol and blood pressure in obesity group were higher than normal group but the differences were not significant. The attack rate of coronary heart disease and blood glucose in obesity group is higher than normal group (p < 0.05). 3) The correlation of anthropometric measurements, blood lipid, blood glucose and blood pressure had significant results. Soft lean mass was associated BMI (p < 0.01), TC (p < 0.05), HDL (p < 0.05), LDL (p < 0.05) and SBP (p < 0.05). TG was associated TC (p < 0.05), HDL (p < 0.01), VLDL (p < 0.001) and Risk (p < 0.01). TC was associated LDL (p < 0.01) and Risk (p < 0.01). Blood glucose was associated TC (p < 0.05), LDL (p < 0.05), SBP (p < 0.05) and DBP (p < 0.05). These results suggest that reduction of body weight for the attack risk of obesity group in coronary heart disease.

The Perception for Management of School Foodservice Using of Environmentally Friendly Agricultural Products of Elementary School Children's Mothers in Gunsan / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of understanding about school foodservice management and environmentally friendly agricultural products between urban and rural elementary school children's mothers. The subjects were 280 elementary school children's mothers who lived in Gunsan city and the nearby countryside. The results are summarized as follows. The mothers in urban schools were higher on the degree of participation (p < 0.01) and interest (p < 0.01), but were lower on the degree of satisfaction (p < 0.001) for school foodservice than rural ones. The best improvement of school foodservice management was improving food tastes and qualities of the foodstuffs in urban schools and sanitation at the service area in the rural schools (p < 0.001). The school foodservice program contributed to cure the unbalanced diets and developing of bodies and minds; there was no difference of urban and rural schools. But eating habits in rural schools were more improved than urban schools (p < 0.001). The primary reason for using environmentally friendly agricultural products was to improve their health and in securing safe foods, there was no difference of urban and rural schools, but generating the farmer's income from the products in rural schools was higher than urban schools (p < 0.001). There are conflicting views between urban and rural schools for the additional costs brought by using the environmentally friendly agricultural products (p < 0.001). The order of preference on using environmentally friendly agricultural products was rice and various grains, vegetables, fruits, livestock, seasoning, etc. In conclusion, our central and local governments should change their roles in financially positive ways and reflect the issues in making the policy effective. Responsible administrators of school food suppliers run the system more faithfully with the above government support.

The Study on Dietary Behaviors of Elementary School Student in Chungnam Area According to the School Food Service Type, Gender and Grade / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study compared the food habits and attitudes towards dietary life culture in types of feeding management, gender and grade. The subjects were 352 elementary school students who lived in Seocheon, Chungnam. The independently managed school students were better than jointly managed school students in food habits (p < 0.05). In skipping school meals, upper grade students were skipped more than lower grade students (p < 0.05). In rate of eating school meals, boys were faster than girls (p < 0.001). The independently managed school students and the jointly managed school students were different on distasteful food. Boys disliked vegetables and girls disliked cereals and beans (p < 0.05). Upper grade students ate more well-balanced meals than lower grade students (p < 0.05). As for the question "what you will do if the distasteful foods are provided through school meals", they responded. the highest percent of students, "I will try once or twice". And the response "I have them for health" was higher independently in managed school students than the jointly managed school students (p < 0.05), girls than boy (p < 0.05), and the lower grades than the upper grades (p < 0.05). As for the question "what you will do if the distasteful foods are provided, after the guide for school meals was performed", the response, "I will make an effort to have it" accounted for the highest percents, and there were differences in lower grade students who were high percents than upper grade students (p < 0.01). As for the recognition for unbalanced diets, most of the students recognized that it is a "bad habit"; the girl students accounted for more percentage than boys (p < 0.05). The criterion of food choice were different in gender and grade (p < 0.01). As for the factor of influences for the food habits formation, lower grade students were "school education" and upper grade students were "parents" (p < 0.05). Thus, the systematic guide for proper intakes of nutrition should be performed. Also, the time when students can be educated by an expert of nutritional education, which is connected with school meals and students can grow healthily.

A Study on Body Compositions and Food Behaviors of Middle Aged Men Living in Jeonbuk Province by Percentage of Body Fat / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare the body compositions and food behaviors of middle aged men with different obesity indices. The subjects were 62 middle aged men who lived Gunsan city. Heights, body weights, soft/lean masses, fat masses, percentages of body fat, and fat distributions were measured. Food habits and health-related lifestyle habits were evaluated based on questionnaires. The subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on their percentage of body fat (%Fat); normal, overweight and obesity. The results were as follows: their heights, fat masses, percentages of body fat, WHR, RBW, BMI and fitness scores were significantly higher in the obese subjects when compared to the normal and overweight subjects. Self-perceptions of weight and desires of weight control were significantly related with their percents of Fat. The overweight and the obese groups skipped meals, ate supper out, ate snacks, smoked tobacco, and exercised less frequently than the normal group. There were no significant differences in the scores of the dietary habits and drinking of alcohol among the three groups. Therefore, proper nutritional education on regular meals and intervention is required if middle aged men want to be of normal weight and have healthy lifestyles.

Comparison with Dietary Habits, Dietary Attitudes and Nutritional Knowledge According to Sex of Teenagers in Jeonnam Province / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary habits, dietary attitudes, perceptions for nutritional importance, nutritional knowledge and frequency of food intake to get the basic data of effective nutritional knowledge to form desirable dietary habits of students. This study was carried out through a questionnaire. The subjects were 362 teenagers (boys 161, girls 201) in some farming and fishing regions of Jeonnam. The most desirable dietary habit was that both boys and girls never skipped their lunch, the undesirable dietary habit was that boys ate too fast and girls had too many snacks. While boys ate faster than girls (p < 0.01), girls skipped dinner more frequently than boys (p < 0.01). In terms of dietary attitudes, boys had more desirable attitudes than girls in that they "choose nutritious food" (p < 0.01), "enjoyed healthy food more than favorite food" (p < 0.01), "think about basic food groups when having something" (p < 0.01) while girls had more desirable attitudes than boys in that they "only have favorite food" (p < 0.01). In nutritional knowledge, girls showed a percentage of more correct answers than boys in "is likely to suffer anemia without enough iron" (p < 0.05), and "it doesn't need to eat fat, which causes obesity" (p < 0.05). In general, girls had higher nutritional knowledge than boys. For frequency of food intake, boys ate more fried and broiled food than girls (p < 0.05). In general, boys had nutritional unbalanced diets more than girls. As a result, girls had higher levels of nutritional knowledge and boys had more desirable dietary habits and attitudes. We should have systematic and repetitive education about nutrition so that teenagers could practice their nutritional knowledge in diets. Moreover, it is necessary to develop proper education for their genders.

A Study on the Anthropometry and Healh-Related Lifestyle Habits of Women College Students in Kunsan / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare the anthropometry and nutrition knowledge, food behaviour and lifestyle of women college students with different obesity indexes. The subjects were 251 women college students who were randomly selected from Kunsan National University. The height, body weight, soft/lean mass, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and fat distribution were measured, and health-related lifestyle habits were evaluated based on questionnaires. The subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI): underweight, normal weight and overweight. The results were as follows. Their body weight, soft/lean mass, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and fat distribution were significantly higher in the overweight subjects when compared to the underweight or normal weight subjects. Standard of living, self-recognition of health status and duration of exercise were significantly correlated with their BMIs. Self-satisfaction with body weight decreased as the BMI increased. Most subjects had poor habits such as skipping meals and lack of exercises. The overweight and the underweight groups skipped meals more frequently than the normal weight group. There were no significant differences in the scores on the nutritional knowledge and the dietary behaviour of the subjects with different BMIs. Therefore, proper nutritional education on regular meals and intervention are required if women college students are to have normal weights and healthy lifestyles.

Effect of Self-Perception of Health and Related Factors of Food Life and Disease on Health Foods Intakes among the Middle Aged in the Jeonbuk Region / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study examined the effect of self-perception of health and related factors of flood life and disease on health floods intakes among the middle aged(150 men and 159 women) in the Jeonbuk region. The health foods were classified into 4 groups including Chinese medicine(CM), toner foods(TF), nutritional supplements(NS), and other manufactured health foods supplements(MHFS). Differences of BMI and self-perception for body shape was that overweight was 30% in men and 24.5% in women on BMI, but conversely was 21.3% in men and 43.4% in women on self-perception for body shape. Men thought themselves more than normal weight, but women thought themselves less than normal weight for the criteria of normal weight. Consumption of CM was high in the overweight group on BMI and was a low in the overweight group on self-perception for bodyshape Men thought themselves better than women and those in their 40's thought better than those in their 50's on self perception of health status, and women were better than men on self-perception of food habits. The difference of health foods intakes according to the self-perception of health status and food habits was not significant. The points of food habits, food attitude and nutrition knowledge were 11.21 +/- 2.43, 68.18 +/- 15.56 and 15.53 +/- 1.59 in women and 10.49 +/- 2.71, 67.53 +/- 14.41, and 15.11 +/- 1.79 in men respectively. The points of all were higher for women than for men. Consumption of CM (p<0.01) and TF(p<0.01) were a low in groups that scored high points on nutrition knowledge. The points of climacteric symptoms were that men were 48.36 +/- 6.30 and woman were 46.43 +/- 6.70. Men thought themselves in good condition more than women(p<0.01), and those in their 40's thought themselves in good condition as opposed to those in their 50's in men(p<0.05). Consumption of TF and NS were high in the low points group on climacteric symptoms(p<0.01). Women were higher than men on morbidity, but men were more than women on cases of liver disease(p<0.01). Consumption of CM was high in the liver disease group(p<0.05), MHFS was high in the kidney disease group(p<0.05), TF and NS were hgih in the bone disease group(p<0.05) and NS was hgih in the endocrine disease group(p<0.05). People in their 40's were higher than those in their 50's in men on morbidity of cold(p<0.05), women were higher than men by about 2 times on constipation (p<0.01), those in their 40's were higher than those in their 50's in mein on gastritis(p<0.05). Consumption of NS was highest for those with diseases in respiratory organs and gastrointestinal tracts. This study suggests that nutritional education for the right recognition of self-perception of health status and food habits, and nutrition knowledge are needed to select for health floods. Consumption of health foods was different according to kinds of diseases. Thus, recognition of etiology, symptoms and dietetics of diseases is needed to select adequate health foods for diseases in middle age.

Effect of Social-Economic Factors and Related factors of Health and Life-Style on Health Foods Intakes among the Middle Aged in the Jeonbuk Region / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study examined health foods intakes and related variables among the middle aged(150 men and 159 women) in the Jeonbuk region. Health foods were classified into 4 groups including Chinese medicine(CM), toner foods(TF), vitamin or mineral supplements(VMS), and other manufactured health food supplements(MHFS). The number of people taking health foods were higher for those in their 50's than in their 40's. The consumption rate of TF in men was the highest among health foods, this result had significance. The reasons for taking health foods were recovery from fatigue, supplement of nutrients and making smooth body activity in general, but TF was used to increase of vigor. The consumption rate of health foods was a little different according to social-economic factors, namely, the consumption rate of CM was higher in people in rural than urban areas, those who graduated from middle school than university, blue color & self-employed as opposed to housewives and service workers, low level income than high level income, and Buddhism and no religion than Christian. The consumption rate had a correlation with the habits of smoking, alcohol drinking and exercise ; namely, the consumption rate of CM was higher than VMS and MHFS on smokers and alcohol drinkers. The more the frequency of exercise, the higher the consumption rate of TF, but the duration of the exercise was not correlated. This study suggests that middle aged people need nutritional education for the right recognition and selection of health foods and to consider the nature of each type of health foods.

The Change on Food Habits of Girls students Living in Jeonbuk Region / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in food habits of girl students 1985 and 1998. A similar study had been conducted in 1985 and this study was carried in May, 1998 using the questionnaires. The subjects were 746 female students in middle school, high school and university students living in Jeonbuk region. The average score of food habit was 4.11+/-1.63 out of a possible 10. This aversge is lower than the 4.91 score in 1985, especially the score of university students lowered from 4.80 points to 3.52+/-1.58 points. The correlation coefficient between the score of food habit and standard of living, utilizing increase as compared with the 54.9% in 1985. The most preferred side-dish changed from fried food to Kimchi. The preference of snacks was not changed. Eating bread increased at breakfast but eating noodles increased at lunch. University students' lunch basket preparation ratio decreased from 32.6% to 3.3%, so they had more noodles at refectory than lunch basket. The reason for skipping breakfast did not changes, but skipping lunch changed from annoyance due to lunch basket preparation to lack of time and no appetite. Skipping supper was changed from missing time to weight control. Having supper at home decreased from 96.6% to 75.9%. Substitution food on no preparation of lunch basket was changed from bread to noodles. The preference for biscuits and snack did not changes but fewer students preferend bread and fried food. In order to improve the nutritional status of the girl students, they must establish good food habits, especially by eating 3 regular meals per day and balancing their diet they should also be notified that severe weight control is very harmful for health.