An Unusual Case of Duodenal Perforation Caused by a Lollipop Stick: A Case Report

Most ingested foreign bodies often pass through the gastrointestinal tract uneventfully; however, complications such as perforation do occur. Most cases of perforation are caused by thin, pointed objects such as needles, toothpicks, or fish and chicken bones. Herein, we report an unusual case of duodenal perforation caused by a lollipop stick with blunt ends. A 23-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department complaining of epigastric and right upper quadrant pain for the last 2 days. Abdominal computed tomography scans confirmed the presence of a foreign body in the duodenum, with signs of duodenal perforation and inflammation. The patient was not aware of ingesting the foreign body. Endoscopy revealed the presence of a lollipop stick in the duodenum, which was removed with forceps. The duodenal perforation was successfully managed by using hemoclips and a detachable snare.

A Case of Colonic Pseudoobstruction Related to Bacterial Overgrowth Due to a Sigmoidocecal Fistula / 대한소화기학회지

Colocolic fistulas are usually a complication of an inflammatory or neoplastic process. Development of these abnormal bowel communications may lead to bacterial overgrowth. We report on a 71-year-old man with a one-year history of recurrent abdominal distension and irregular bowel habits. Abdominal X-rays and computed tomography showed multiple air-fluid levels and loops of distended bowel without evidence of mechanical obstruction or diverticulitis. Colonoscopy showed a fistulous tract between the sigmoid colon and cecum. Results of a lactulose breath test showed high fasting breath CH4 levels, which were thought to be the result of intestinal bacterial overgrowth. The patient was diagnosed with a colonic pseudo-obstruction associated with bacterial overgrowth due to a sigmoidocecal fistula. We recommended surgical correction of the sigmoidocecal fistula; however, the patient requested medical treatment. After antibiotic therapy, the patient still had mild symptoms but no acute exacerbations.

A Case of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are fairly common, with a prevalence of 37~95%. Among 19 neuropsychiatric manifestations, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) is quite rare, and is characterized by progressive, symmetric muscle weakness accompanied by absent or depressed deep tendon reflexes. Generally, plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin are the main treatment modalities. Here, we report a case of AIDP in a 29-year-old SLE patient, who was fully recovered with a treatment of high-dose glucocorticoid and immunosuppressive agents. Ours case suggests that AIDP should be treated differently in SLE patients to avoid disastrous results.

Risk Factors for Patients with Stage IVB Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Extension into the Heart: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications

PURPOSE: To evaluate the risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) extension into the right atrium (RA) and determine poor prognostic factors for HCC extension to the heart. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 665 patients who were newly diagnosed with HCC were analyzed retrospectively from January 2004 to July 2012. The patients were divided into two groups: 33 patients with HCC extending into the RA and 632 HCC patients during the same period. The patients with HCC extending into the RA were subdivided into shorter survival group ( or =2 months). RESULTS: The prevalence of HCC extending to the RA was 4.96%. In multivariate analysis, a modified Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) stage higher than IVA, hepatic vein invasion, concomitant inferior vena cava and portal vein invasion, and multinodular tumor type were risk factors for HCC extending to the RA. In multivariate analysis, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) score >3 (p=0.016, OR: 13.89) and active treatment (p=0.024, OR: 0.054) were associated with prognostic factors in patients HCC extending into the RA. Active treatment such as radiation (n=1), transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) (n=11), Sorafenib (n=1), and combined modalities (n=2) were performed. CONCLUSION: Modified UICC stage higher than IVA, vascular invasion and multinodular tumor type are independent risk factors for HCC extending to the RA. Active treatment may prolong survival in patients HCC extending into the RA.

Comparison of Endoscopic Variceal Ligation and Endoscopic Variceal Obliteration in Patients with GOV1 Bleeding / 전남의대학술지

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, rebleeding rates, survival, and complications of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) with those of endoscopic variceal obliteration (EVO) in patients with acute type 1 gastroesophageal variceal (GOV1) bleeding. Data were collected retrospectively at a single center. A total of 84 patients were selected (20 patients underwent EVL; 64 patients underwent EVO) from February 2004 to September 2011. Their clinical characteristics, laboratory results, vital signs, Child-Pugh score, Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and overall mortality were evaluated. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. The success rate in initial control of active bleeding was not significantly different between the EVL and EVO groups (18/20 EVL, or 90.0%, compared with 62/64 EVO, or 96.9%; p=0.239). The early rebleeding rate was also not significantly different between the groups (3/18 EVL, or 16.7% compared with 17/62 EVO, or 27.4%; p=0.422). The late rebleeding rate of the EVL group was lower than that of the EVO group (3/18 EVL, or 16.7%, compared with 26/59 EVO, or 44.1%; p=0.042). The time-to-rebleeding was 594 days for the EVL group and 326 days for the EVO group (p=0.054). In the multivariate analysis, portal vein thrombosis (PVT) was a significant risk factor for early rebleeding. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and previous history of bleeding were significant risk factors for very late rebleeding. In conclusion, EVL is better than EVO in reducing late rebleeding in acute GOV1 bleeding. HCC, PVT, and previous bleeding history were significant risk factors for rebleeding.

Comparison of Endoscopic Variceal Ligation and Endoscopic Variceal Obliteration in Patients with GOV1 Bleeding / 전남의대학술지

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, rebleeding rates, survival, and complications of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) with those of endoscopic variceal obliteration (EVO) in patients with acute type 1 gastroesophageal variceal (GOV1) bleeding. Data were collected retrospectively at a single center. A total of 84 patients were selected (20 patients underwent EVL; 64 patients underwent EVO) from February 2004 to September 2011. Their clinical characteristics, laboratory results, vital signs, Child-Pugh score, Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and overall mortality were evaluated. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. The success rate in initial control of active bleeding was not significantly different between the EVL and EVO groups (18/20 EVL, or 90.0%, compared with 62/64 EVO, or 96.9%; p=0.239). The early rebleeding rate was also not significantly different between the groups (3/18 EVL, or 16.7% compared with 17/62 EVO, or 27.4%; p=0.422). The late rebleeding rate of the EVL group was lower than that of the EVO group (3/18 EVL, or 16.7%, compared with 26/59 EVO, or 44.1%; p=0.042). The time-to-rebleeding was 594 days for the EVL group and 326 days for the EVO group (p=0.054). In the multivariate analysis, portal vein thrombosis (PVT) was a significant risk factor for early rebleeding. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and previous history of bleeding were significant risk factors for very late rebleeding. In conclusion, EVL is better than EVO in reducing late rebleeding in acute GOV1 bleeding. HCC, PVT, and previous bleeding history were significant risk factors for rebleeding.

The Effect of Ethanol Ablation for the Treatment of Benign Cystic Thyroid Nodules / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation for benign cystic thyroid nodules, and to identify the clinical factors associated with therapeutic outcome. METHODS: We examined 46 patients with benign cystic nodules. After removal of cystic fluid, 99% ethanol was injected under ultrasound guidance. Follow-up ultrasonography was then performed 2 weeks and 6-36 months after the therapy to evaluate the early and late response, respectively. An effective response (ER) was defined as volume reduction > 50% or the absence of any residual cystic lesion; partial response (PR) as a 25-50% volume reduction; and no response (NR) as volume reduction < 25% or a volume expansion. RESULTS: During the early response, ER, PR, and NR were 67.4, 30.4, and 2.2%, respectively. The initial mean cyst volume of 12.0 +/- 7.8 mL (3.4-41.3) was reduced significantly after ethanol ablation therapy to 5.4 +/- 3.2 mL (0-33.0; 55% volume reduction, p < 0.001), and to a final late response volume of 4.4 +/- 3.4 mL (0-23.3; 63% volume reduction, p < 0.01). Except for 6 patients who received additional ethanol injection therapies, ER was obtained in 31 of 40 (77.5%) patients in the late response. A large initial volume was the factor associated with therapeutic failure (p = 0.04). Eleven patients (23%) reported transient mild local pain. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation is a safe and highly effective therapeutic method for cystic thyroid nodules. However, more sophisticated approaches are needed for large cystic nodules.

Body Mass Index and Nonresponse to Antiviral Treatment in Korean Patients with Genotype 2 and 3 Chronic Hepatitis C / 전남의대학술지

Pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin is the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Sustained virological response (SVR) rates of up to 80% are reported in genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C cases. Obesity, a modifiable risk factor, may have a deleterious effect on antiviral treatment. We performed this study to examine the efficacy and safety of pegylated-interferon and ribavirin therapy in Korean patients with genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C and to investigate the risk factors for nonresponse to antiviral treatment. A total of 121 patients were treated with peginterferon alpha-2a 180 mcg/week plus ribavirin 800 mg/day for 24 weeks. The end-of-treatment virologic response (ETVR), the SVR, the end-of-treatment biochemical response (ETBR), the sustained biochemical response (SBR), and the adverse events were analyzed. The ETVR and SVR were 94.1% and 89.1%, respectively. The ETBR was 80.2% and the SBR was 96%. Multivariate analysis showed that a body mass index of 25 and over was the only independent factor that affected the SVR (odds ratio=10.5, 95% confidence interval: 2.006-54.948, p=0.005). Twenty patients (16.5%) dropped out at the end of treatment, and 7 (5.8%) patients discontinued treatment because of treatment-related adverse events. Our study showed that combination therapy with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin as an initial treatment for genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C is very effective and safe, and that body mass index is an independent risk factor for nonresponse to antiviral treatment in patients with genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C.

Body Mass Index and Nonresponse to Antiviral Treatment in Korean Patients with Genotype 2 and 3 Chronic Hepatitis C / 전남의대학술지

Pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin is the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Sustained virological response (SVR) rates of up to 80% are reported in genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C cases. Obesity, a modifiable risk factor, may have a deleterious effect on antiviral treatment. We performed this study to examine the efficacy and safety of pegylated-interferon and ribavirin therapy in Korean patients with genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C and to investigate the risk factors for nonresponse to antiviral treatment. A total of 121 patients were treated with peginterferon alpha-2a 180 mcg/week plus ribavirin 800 mg/day for 24 weeks. The end-of-treatment virologic response (ETVR), the SVR, the end-of-treatment biochemical response (ETBR), the sustained biochemical response (SBR), and the adverse events were analyzed. The ETVR and SVR were 94.1% and 89.1%, respectively. The ETBR was 80.2% and the SBR was 96%. Multivariate analysis showed that a body mass index of 25 and over was the only independent factor that affected the SVR (odds ratio=10.5, 95% confidence interval: 2.006-54.948, p=0.005). Twenty patients (16.5%) dropped out at the end of treatment, and 7 (5.8%) patients discontinued treatment because of treatment-related adverse events. Our study showed that combination therapy with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin as an initial treatment for genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C is very effective and safe, and that body mass index is an independent risk factor for nonresponse to antiviral treatment in patients with genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C.