Additive Effects of Rebamipide Plus Proton Pump Inhibitors on the Expression of Tight Junction Proteins in a Rat Model of Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rebamipide on tight junction proteins in the esophageal mucosa in a rat model of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: GERD was created in rats by tying the proximal stomach. The rats were divided into a control group, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) group, and a PPI plus rebamipide (PPI+R) group. Pantoprazole (5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to the PPI and PPI+R groups. An additional dose of rebamipide (100 mg/kg) was administered orally to the PPI+R group. Mucosal erosions, epithelial thickness, and leukocyte infiltration into the esophageal mucosa were measured in isolated esophagi 14 days after the procedure. A Western blot analysis was conducted to measure the expression of claudin-1, -3, and -4. RESULTS: The mean surface area of mucosal erosions, epithelial thickness, and leukocyte infiltration were lower in the PPI group and the PPI+R group than in the control group. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of claudin-3 and -4 was significantly higher in the PPI+R group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Rebamipide may exert an additive effect in combination with PPI to modify the tight junction proteins of the esophageal mucosa in a rat model of GERD. This treatment might be associated with the relief of GERD symptoms.

Refractory pseudomembranous colitis that was treated successfully with colonoscopic fecal microbial transplantation

Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is a nosocomial and opportunistic infection caused by Clostridium difficile. PMC is related to the use of antibiotics leading to intestinal dysbiosis and an overgrowth of C. difficile. Metronidazole or vancomycin is considered to be the standard therapy for the management of PMC. However, PMC has a 15%-30% recurrence rate and can be refractory to standard treatments, resulting in morbidity and mortality. Here we describe a patient who experienced refractory PMC who was treated with fecal microbiota transplantation. A 69-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with consistent abdominal pain and diarrhea, which had been present for 5 months. She was diagnosed with PMC by colonoscopy and tested positive for C. difficile toxin. Even though she took metronidazole for 10 days, followed by vancomycin for 4 weeks, her symptoms did not improve. Because of her recurrent and refractory symptoms, we decided to perform fecal microbiota transplantation. Fifty grams of fresh feces from a donor were obtained on the day of the procedure, mixed with 500 mL of normal saline, and then filtered. The filtered solution was administered to the patient's colon using a colonoscope. After the procedure, her symptoms rapidly improved and a follow-up colonoscopy showed that the PMC had resolved without recurrence.

A Case of Cytomegalovirus-associated Giant Gastric Ulcer in a Patient Who Healed by Discontinuing Immunosuppressive Therapy

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is not a rare infection and is frequently observed in immuoncompromised patients. CMV infection is usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent patients however it can be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis of CMV gastric ulcer is not easy because of the absence of characteristic endoscopic features and the difficulty in the identification of infection by routine histologic examinations. We experienced a case of CMV-associated giant gastric ulcer in a patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy. She was a 45-year-old woman with dermatomyositis and had received steroid therapy to control her disease. Epigastric pain developed during therapy and upper endoscopy revealed a gastric ulcer. Despite proton pump inhibitor therapy, her epigastric pain aggravated and follow-up endoscopy revealed a huge gastric ulcer approximately 10 cm in diameter. Histologic findings showed intracellular inclusion bodies after immunostaining which confirmed CMV-associated gastric ulcer. Steroid therapy was discontinued and she received proton pump inhibitors without antiviral agents. Her symptoms improved and follow-up endoscopy revealed successful healing of the CMV-associated gastric ulcer. If an unusual gastric ulcer develops in the immunocompromised patients, CMV gastric ulcer should be suspected and examination for inclusion bodies using CMV immunostaining should be considered.

A Case of Esophageal Fibrovascular Polyp That Induced Asphyxia during Sleep

Esophageal fibrovascular polyps are rare, benign, submucosal tumors of the upper digestive tract that usually have an indolent course until the lesion attains a very large size. The most frequent complaints associated with these tumors include dysphagia and foreign body sensation. However, a long pedunculated polyp can regurgitate into the pharynx or oral cavity and cause asphyxia and sudden death if the larynx is occluded. We describe the case of a 51-year-old man who experienced snoring and occasional asphyxia during sleep. Upper endoscopy was performed, which indicated the presence of a pedunculated esophageal polyp that regurgitated into the vocal cords. The polyp was removed using a polypectomy snare and was confirmed to be a fibrovascular polyp based on pathologic examination findings. Three months after the excision of the polyp, the patient was found to be doing well without any further occurrence of asphyxia or sleep disturbances.

When Is Pre-Emptive Treatment Necessary after Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of Early Esophageal Neoplasm?

No abstract available.

Delayed Flumazenil Injection after Endoscopic Sedation Increases Patient Satisfaction Compared with Immediate Flumazenil Injection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Flumazenil was administered after the completion of endoscopy under sedation to reduce recovery time and increase patient safety. We evaluated patient satisfaction after endoscopy under sedation according to the timing of a postprocedural flumazenil injection. METHODS: In total, 200 subjects undergoing concurrent colonoscopy and upper endoscopy while sedated with midazolam and meperidine were enrolled in our investigation. We randomly administered 0.3 mg of flumazenil either immediately or 15 minutes after the endoscopic procedure. A postprocedural questionnaire and next day telephone interview were conducted to assess patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Flumazenil injection timing did not affect the time spent in the recovery room when comparing the two groups of patients. However, the subjects in the 15 minutes injection group were more satisfied with undergoing endoscopy under sedation than the patients in the immediate injection group according to the postprocedural survey (p=0.019). However, no difference in overall satisfaction, memory, or willingness to undergo a future endoscopy was observed between the two groups when the telephone survey was conducted on the following day. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that a delayed flumazenil injection after endoscopic sedation increased patient satisfaction without prolonging recovery time, even though the benefit of the delayed flumazenil injection did not persist into the following day.

Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for Treating Achalasia in an Animal Model: A Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy with antireflux procedure is considered to be a standard treatment for achalasia. Recently, peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) was developed and performed on patients with achalasia. However, there is no report on POEM use in South Korea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of POEM in a porcine model. METHODS: POEM was performed on two mini pigs. We performed upper endoscopy under general anesthesia. A submucosal tunnel was created and the circular muscle layer was incised using several knives. The mucosal entry was closed using resolution clips. We performed a follow-up endoscopy and sacrificed the pigs 2 weeks after the POEM. The myotomy site was evaluated grossly and histologically. RESULTS: POEM was successfully performed on the two mini pigs. No injuries to any abdominal or mediastinal structures occurred. Two weeks after the POEM, the esophageal mucosa healed without any endoscopic evidence of complications. Necropsy revealed that the circular muscle layer was completely lost and replaced with fibrotic tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We found that POEM is a technically feasible method which can be performed on an animal model. However, to ensure safe use on patients with achalasia, further studies on technical methods and long-term follow-up examinations are required.

Endoscopic Classification of Intestinal Metaplasia

Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is recognized as a precancerous condition for intestinal type gastric cancer. Therefore, endoscopic diagnosis of IM is valuable for patients undergoing surveillance endoscopy. However, there are no standard endoscopic findings that distinguish it from the normal mucosa. Thus, biopsy is normally required to confirm the diagnosis of IM. Recently, the development of high-resolution image technique and some advanced endoscopic technologies such as chromoendoscopy, magnifying endoscopy with narrow band image and confocal laser endomicroscopy has significantly improved the ability to observe mucosal surface and identify IM. Although chromoendoscopy is time consuming, it is a useful method for diagnosis of IM. Narrow band imaging may enhance the accuracy of endoscopic surveillance of IM and dysplasia. Confocal laser endomicroscopy could provide in the real-time identification and classification of IM. Herein, we reviewed the clinical usefulness of white light endoscopy and several new endoscopic methods for the diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia. Also, we will discuss appropriate follow-up period according to IM type and extension.

Percutanous Ultrathin Flexible Peritoneoscopy for Detecting Peritoneal Metastasis: A Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Preoperative diagnosis of peritoneal metastasis is extremely important to select the appropriate treatment strategy and predict the prognosis for patients with gastrointestinal cancer. However, imaging techniques have a limited capacity for detecting peritoneal metastasis. We therefore evaluated the feasibility of percutaneous ultrathin flexible peritoneoscopy in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Percutanous ultrathin flexible peritoneoscopy was performed on two mini-pigs under general anesthesia. We punctured the abdominal wall at the anti-Mcburney and umbilical regions using a 16-gauge angiocatheter. Guidewire was inserted through the angiocatheter and we then enlarged the puncture using a biliary dilation catheter and a 6- to 8-mm balloon dilator catheter. After track formation, we inserted a 4.9-mm ultrathin endoscope into the abdominal cavity. The peritoneal cavity was examined, and peritoneal and liver biopsy was performed. The puncture was closed with a single suture. After the procedure, we monitored the general condition of the pigs for 2 weeks. RESULTS: Percutaneous ultrathin flexible peritoneoscopy was successfully performed regardless of the puncture site location. Peritoneal and liver biopsy was also successfully executed. The mean procedure time was 20 minutes. Formation of the abdominal track was not easily accomplished with standard endoscopic equipment. Nevertheless, none of the abdominal organs were injured. The post-procedure course was uneventful. Minor scarring was observed at the incision site 2 weeks after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Percutanous ultrathin flexible peritoneoscopy is a relatively simple and technically feasible method. However, dedicated accessories for fascial dilation should be developed to ensure the safety of human patients undergoing this procedure.

A Case of Esophageal Squamous Papillomatosis

No abstract available.

Two Cases of Ileal Dieulafoy Lesion with Massive Hematochezia Treated by Single Balloon Enteroscopy

Ileal Dieulafoy lesion is an unusual vascular abnormality that can cause gastrointestinal bleeding. It can be associated with massive, life-threatening hemorrhage and requires urgent angiographic intervention or surgery. Ileal Dieulafoy lesion is hard to recognize due to inaccessibility and normal-appearing mucosa. With advances in endoscopy, aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches including enteroscopy have recently been performed for small bowel bleeding. We report two cases of massive ileal Dieulafoy lesion bleeding diagnosed and treated successfully by single balloon enteroscopy with a review of the literature.

Endoscopic Removal of a Toothpick Impacted in the Stomach Wall by Mucosal Incision

Toothpicks are not uncommonly swallowed, and subsequently, may be impacted into gastrointestinal wall and cause morbidities, and even mortality. Therefore, the early diagnosis and immediate retrieval of an ingested toothpick is important. In many cases, endoscopic removal is attempted initially, but if this fails or a complication is encountered, surgery should be considered. The authors experienced a case of ingested toothpick penetrating the gastric wall. A 51-year-old woman visited our hospital with epigastric pain of one-week duration. Upper endoscopy revealed that the sharp end of a toothpick had been impacted into the distal antrum. Endoscopic removal using an alligator jaw forceps failed because the toothpick broke during removal and our continued attempts to extract the remnant resulted in it becoming more embedded in the stomach wall. In such circumstances, surgical treatment should be considered. However, we incised the mucosa to expose the remnant toothpick, and fortunately, we were then able to grasp and remove the toothpick using an alligator jaw forceps. We report this unusual case of a toothpick impacted in the gastric wall that was resolved endoscopically by mucosal incision.

Endoscopic Removal of a Toothpick Impacted in the Stomach Wall by Mucosal Incision

Toothpicks are not uncommonly swallowed, and subsequently, may be impacted into gastrointestinal wall and cause morbidities, and even mortality. Therefore, the early diagnosis and immediate retrieval of an ingested toothpick is important. In many cases, endoscopic removal is attempted initially, but if this fails or a complication is encountered, surgery should be considered. The authors experienced a case of ingested toothpick penetrating the gastric wall. A 51-year-old woman visited our hospital with epigastric pain of one-week duration. Upper endoscopy revealed that the sharp end of a toothpick had been impacted into the distal antrum. Endoscopic removal using an alligator jaw forceps failed because the toothpick broke during removal and our continued attempts to extract the remnant resulted in it becoming more embedded in the stomach wall. In such circumstances, surgical treatment should be considered. However, we incised the mucosa to expose the remnant toothpick, and fortunately, we were then able to grasp and remove the toothpick using an alligator jaw forceps. We report this unusual case of a toothpick impacted in the gastric wall that was resolved endoscopically by mucosal incision.

Identification of Helicobacter pylori in Gallstone, Bile, and Other Hepatobiliary Tissues of Patients with Cholecystitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Bacterial infection is accepted as a precipitating factor in cholesterol gallstone formation, and recent studies have revealed the presence of Helicobacter species in the hepatobiliary system. We utilized the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to establish the presence of bacterial DNA, including from Helicobacter species, in gallstones, bile juice, and gallbladder mucosa from patients with gallstones. METHODS: At cholecystectomy, 58 gallstones, 48 bile samples, and 46 gallbladder mucosa specimens were obtained and subjected to nested PCR using specific 16S rRNA primers of H. pylori and other bacteria. Bacterial species were identified by DNA sequencing analysis. Bacterial 16S rRNA was detected in 25 out of 36 mixed-cholesterol gallstones, 1 out of 10 pure-cholesterol gallstones, and 9 out of 12 pigmented stones. Furthermore, 16S rDNA sequencing identified Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, and Helicobacter species. RESULTS: Helicobacter DNA was detected in 4 out of 58 gallstones, 6 out of 48 bile samples, and 5 out of 46 gallbladder specimens. Direct sequencing of Helicobacter amplicons confirmed strains of H. pylori in all four gallstones, five out of six bile samples, and three out of five gallbladder specimens. Almost all mixed-cholesterol gallstones appear to harbor bacterial DNA, predominantly E. coli. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori was also found in the biliary system, suggesting that these bacteria are of etiological importance in gallstone formation.

The Ballooning Time in Endoscopic Papillary Balloon Dilation for the Treatment of Bile Duct Stones

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) is a safe and effective method for the treatment of choledocholithiasis, but previous studies have rarely reported the appropriate ballooning time (BT). We prospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of EPBD according to BT in patients undergoing bile duct stone removal. METHODS: Seventy consecutive patients with bile duct stones were randomly assigned to receive EPBD with either conventional (n = 35, 60 seconds) or short (n = 35, 20 seconds) BT. RESULTS: EPBD alone achieved complete bile duct clearance in 67 patients (long BT, n = 33, 94.3%; short BT, n = 34, 97.1%; p = 0.808). We also found no significant difference in the rate of complete duct clearance, including procedures that used mechanical lithotripsy, between the long and short BT groups (97.1% vs. 100%; p = 0.811). Mild pancreatitis was noted in four (11.4%) patients in the long BT group and two (5.7%) patients in the short BT group, but this incidence was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that EPBD using both 20-sec and 60-sec BTs is safe and effective for the treatment of bile duct stones. Short and long BTs produced comparable outcomes.

Three-Weekly S-1 Monotherapy as First-Line Treatment in Elderly Patients with Recurrent or Metastatic Gastric Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Elderly patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) have generally been excluded from clinical trials, and there are few data available on the treatment of these patients. The efficacy of palliative S-1 monotherapy as a first-line treatment regimen for elderly patients has not been well elucidated. METHODS: For this study, 25 AGC patients were enrolled between January 1, 2007 and March 31, 2009; 4 cases were recurrent AGC and 21 cases were metastatic AGC at the time of diagnosis. These patients received S-1 therapy at a dose of 40 mg/m2 twice daily for 14 days every 3 weeks. All of the patients were older than 70 years. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration, the median progression-free survival, and the overall survival time were 8.7 months (range, 4.9 to 12.5 months), 4.9 months (range, 3.5 to 6.3 months), and 10.8 months (range, 6.6 to 15.0 months), respectively. Grade 3/4 nonhematologic toxicities were rare. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was noted in two patients. The partial response rate was 21.7% and stable disease was observed in 34.8% of the patients. Two patients (8%) died due to chemotherapy-associated toxicity during treatment (septic shock/intracranial hemorrhage). CONCLUSIONS: Oral S-1 chemotherapy seems to be effective as a first-line treatment regimen for elderly patients with metastatic or recurrent AGC. However, elderly patients receiving S-1 treatment should undergo continuous toxicity monitoring, since they are highly susceptible to adverse effects.

Synchronous Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Colon

Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon is a rare entity with a prognosis that is usually poor due to the high likelihood of early metastasis. A 61-year-old man had surgery for colon cancer of the transverse colon and cecum. Microscopic examination of the tumor showed that the location was the proximal transverse colon, with small nests containing rosettes and palisading patterns of large tumor cells with faintly granular cytoplasm. The immunohistochemistry was positive for synaptophysin and chromogranins. The tumors were diagnosed as a large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon. In addition, the tumor of the cecum showed microscopic findings consistent with a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The immunohistochemical panel showed that the tumor was negative for neuroendocrine markers. There were no clinical findings suggestive of hormone hypersecretion. Cancer metastasis was found in the peritoneum section of the small bowel. Postoperative chemotherapy was applied. The patient was alive with good performance after, and there was no sign of tumor progression. This is the first case of a synchronous large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the colon. The patient was treated successfully with debulking surgery and systemic chemotherapy.

Endoscopic Drainage Through a Duodenal Fistula in a Patient with a Retroperitoneal Abscess that Developed after Acute Pancreatitis / 대한소화기내시경학회지

The incidence of retroperitoneal abscess with fistula formation after acute pancreatitis is rare, but the mortality rate for patients with this condition is very high. The standard treatment for this condition has been surgical removal and drainage. However, recent studies have shown that percutaneous catheter drainage or noninvasive endoscopic abscess drainage with using endoscopic ultrasonography is effective and safe for the treatment of pancreatic and peripancreatic abscess. A retroperitoneal abscess with duodenal fistula that developed after acute pancreas and its endoscopic treatment has never been reported on in Korea. We experienced a 45-year-old man who had been treated for acute pancreatitis at other hospital, and he was then referred to our hospital and diagnosed as having a retroperitoneal abscess with fistula, which communicated with the third portion of duodenum, as assessed by abdominal CT and duodenoscopy. So we treated him with endoscopic double-pigtailed stent insertion through the fistulous tract and we drained the abscess. Endoscopic drainage may be a suitable alternative for the management of the retroperitoneal abscess with fistula that develops after acute pancreatitis.

Durability of a sustained virologic response in combination therapy with interferon/peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: The ultimate goal of antiviral therapy using interferon/pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin in chronic C-viral hepatitis is to achieve a sustained virologic response (SVR). Several studies have shown that the reappearance rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in serum after the achievement of an SVR is less than 1%; the durability of an SVR in Korean patients is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the durability of the virologic response in chronic hepatitis C patients with an SVR to antiviral therapy. METHODS: A total of 156 patients who were treated successfully with interferon/peginterferon and ribavirin were evaluated retrospectively. Patients received either subcutaneous conventional interferon alpha 3x10(6) units three times a week or subcutaneous pegylated interferon (alpha-2a: 180 microgram, alpha-2b: 80-100 microgram) once a week in combination with ribavirin at 600-1,200 mg daily (depending on body weight). Patients with HCV genotype 1 were treated for 48 weeks, whereas those with non-genotype 1 were treated for 24 weeks. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients underwent treatment with conventional interferon and ribavirin, whereas 74 patients were treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. An SVR was achieved in 73 patients (73/156, 46.8%). HCV RNA reappeared in eight patients (8/73, 11.0%; detected by qualitative PCR), including one patient with persistent viremia (1/73, 1.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Reappearance of HCV RNA after earlier achievement of an SVR might appear more frequently than previously reported. Close follow-up of these patients is recommended and the implication of temporary viremia should be determined in the future.

A Case of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Colon / 대한소화기학회지

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon can be classified into small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The incidence of neuroendocrine carcinoma is so low that the guideline for the treatment of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon are not established. The prognosis of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon is worse than that of conventional adenocarcinoma of the colon. We report a case of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon that treated with right hemicolectomy and 6th sequential combination chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. There has been no evidence of the recurrence or metastasis of tumor for 6 months.