Machine Learning Approaches to Identify Factors Associated with Women's Vasomotor Symptoms Using General Hospital Data

Background@#To analyze the factors associated with women's vasomotor symptoms (VMS) using machine learning. @*Methods@#Data on 3,298 women, aged 40–80 years, who attended their general health check-up from January 2010 to December 2012 were obtained from Korea University Anam Hospital in Seoul, Korea. Five machine learning methods were applied and compared for the prediction of VMS, measured by the Menopause Rating Scale. Variable importance, the effect of a variable on model performance, was used for identifying the major factors associated with VMS. @*Results@#In terms of the mean squared error, the random forest (0.9326) was much better than linear regression (12.4856) and artificial neural networks with one, two, and three hidden layers (1.5576, 1.5184, and 1.5833, respectively). Based on the variable importance from the random forest, the most important factors associated with VMS were age, menopause age, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and monocyte, triglyceride, gamma glutamyl transferase, blood urea nitrogen, cancer antigen 19-9, C-reactive protein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Indeed, the following variables were ranked within the top 20 in terms of variable importance: cancer antigen 125, total cholesterol, insulin, free thyroxine, forced vital capacity, alanine aminotransferase, forced expired volume in 1 second, height, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and carcinoembryonic antigen. @*Conclusion@#Machine learning provides an invaluable decision support system for the prediction of VMS. For managing VMS, comprehensive consideration is needed regarding thyroid function, lipid profile, liver function, inflammation markers, insulin resistance, monocyte count, cancer antigens, and lung function.

Machine Learning Approaches to Identify Factors Associated with Women's Vasomotor Symptoms Using General Hospital Data

Background@#To analyze the factors associated with women's vasomotor symptoms (VMS) using machine learning. @*Methods@#Data on 3,298 women, aged 40–80 years, who attended their general health check-up from January 2010 to December 2012 were obtained from Korea University Anam Hospital in Seoul, Korea. Five machine learning methods were applied and compared for the prediction of VMS, measured by the Menopause Rating Scale. Variable importance, the effect of a variable on model performance, was used for identifying the major factors associated with VMS. @*Results@#In terms of the mean squared error, the random forest (0.9326) was much better than linear regression (12.4856) and artificial neural networks with one, two, and three hidden layers (1.5576, 1.5184, and 1.5833, respectively). Based on the variable importance from the random forest, the most important factors associated with VMS were age, menopause age, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and monocyte, triglyceride, gamma glutamyl transferase, blood urea nitrogen, cancer antigen 19-9, C-reactive protein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Indeed, the following variables were ranked within the top 20 in terms of variable importance: cancer antigen 125, total cholesterol, insulin, free thyroxine, forced vital capacity, alanine aminotransferase, forced expired volume in 1 second, height, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and carcinoembryonic antigen. @*Conclusion@#Machine learning provides an invaluable decision support system for the prediction of VMS. For managing VMS, comprehensive consideration is needed regarding thyroid function, lipid profile, liver function, inflammation markers, insulin resistance, monocyte count, cancer antigens, and lung function.

Vasomotor Symptoms: More Than Temporary Menopausal Symptoms

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), such as hot flashes and night sweating, are classic menopausal symptoms experienced by a majority of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. VMS have received a great deal of attention due to their relationship with cardiometabolic risk. Further, accumulating evidence indicates that VMS are associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, and osteoporosis in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. These findings suggest VMS as biomarkers of impaired cardiometabolic conditions rather than just temporary symptoms in menopausal women, warranting further studies to confirm the casual relationship of VMS with these diseases and the exact underlying mechanism in this context.

Vasomotor Symptoms: More Than Temporary Menopausal Symptoms

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), such as hot flashes and night sweating, are classic menopausal symptoms experienced by a majority of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. VMS have received a great deal of attention due to their relationship with cardiometabolic risk. Further, accumulating evidence indicates that VMS are associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, and osteoporosis in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. These findings suggest VMS as biomarkers of impaired cardiometabolic conditions rather than just temporary symptoms in menopausal women, warranting further studies to confirm the casual relationship of VMS with these diseases and the exact underlying mechanism in this context.

Association between pregnancy and acute appendicitis in South Korea: a population-based, cross-sectional study / 대한외과학회지

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of acute appendicitis and the relationship between pregnancy and acute appendicitis among South Korean women in 2009. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study over 1 year period using a national registry data. We analyzed a national patient sample (n = 1,116,040) from a database complied by the South Korean National Health Insurance in 2009. RESULTS: We identified 15,974 cases of acute appendicitis from 2009. The prevalence rate of acute appendicitis was 228 +/- 2 per 100,000 persons. The prevalence in men was higher than in women. The peak prevalence of the disease in both genders occurred in patients aged 10 to 14 years. After that, prevalence declined with age. The prevalence of acute appendicitis in women aged 20 to 39 years was negatively associated with age and pregnancy (P < 0.001) but was not associated with socioeconomic status. The prevalence of perforated appendicitis cases by age is represented by a U-shaped curve. The prevalence was highest in people less than five years of age and in people older than 60 years. CONCLUSION: We found that the prevalence of acute appendicitis decreased with increasing age after early teens, and that the prevalence of acute appendicitis in pregnant women was lower than in nonpregnant women.

Outcome of posterior transvaginal mesh kit / 대한산부인과내시경학회지

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to report outcomes of apical and posterior pelvic organ prolapse repair using posterior transvaginal mesh kit. METHODS: Thirty four consecutive patients with apical or posterior pelvic organ prolapse over pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) stage 2 were repaired by posterior transvaginal mesh kit at the Korea University Guro Hospital between July 2007 and June 2011. Postoperative follow-up visits were scheduled at 1, 6 months after surgery, with question about side effects and POP-Q exam. RESULTS: Thirty four consecutive patients who underwent posterior transvaginal mesh kit had completed 6 month follow up. The demographics are the mean age 65.9+/-8.6 years, the mean body mass index 26.4+/-3.0 kg/m2 and the mean parity 3.6+/-1.5. Overall anatomic cure rates of apical pelvic organ prolapse and rectocele were 91.7%, 92.6%, respectively. The Ap, Bp scores improved significantly after operation (p<0.01). No patient presented healing abnormality. CONCLUSION: Posterior transvaginal mesh kit is effective and safe for treatment of apical and posterior pelvic organ prolapse.

Relationship between stress levels and treatment in patients with temporomandibular disorders

OBJECTIVES: Stress may have an impact on treatment types that patients receive for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). This study sought to investigate the relationship between the stress index and type of treatments in patients with TMD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The psychosocial well-being index-short form (PWI-SF) was used to evaluate stress levels in ninety-two patients with TMD. Treatment types were classified into two groups: one group received counseling, physical therapy or medication, while the second group received splint therapy or surgical intervention. RESULTS: The high-risk group (PWI-SF> or =27, the higher the points, the more severe the stress level) was more frequently treated by splint therapy than the low-risk group (PWI-SF<27). Female TMD patients reported higher PWI-SF scores than male TMD patients. CONCLUSION: This study suggests a relationship between stress levels and treatment types for patients with TMD. Thus, the appropriate evaluation and management of stress could be an important factor in treating TMD.

Barium Stimulates the Expression of Osteogenic Genes in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Osteoblasts in vitro / 대한폐경학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of barium on gene expression in differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts in vitro. METHODS: Human bone marrow stem cells were cultured for 0~14 days in osteogenic differentiation medium with strontium chloride (SrCl2) and barium chloride (BaCl2). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity staining was the method selected for measuring osteoblast differentiation. Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days, and analysis of runt-related transcription factor 2/core-binding factor alpha 1 (Runx2/Cbfa1), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and bone sialoprotein (BSP) gene expression was performed by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Barium and strontium had a superior enhancing effect on cell proliferation when compared to cells cultured in media without strontium or barium. BaCl2 produced a 2-fold increase in the expression of Runx2/Cbfa1 at 14 days. SrCl2 (0.1~0.3 mM) produced a 2-fold increase in the expression of Runx2/Cbfa1 at 14 days. Barium produced a 1.5-fold increase in the expression of BMP-2 on days 1 or 3. Expression of BSP was increased 1.5~1.7- and 2-fold on days 1 and 14 by barium and strontium, respectively. CONCLUSION: Barium-like strontium is considered one of the important factors in inducing mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts with further enhancement on bone formation.

Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression During Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Treated with Vitamin E in vitro into Osteoblasts

OBJECTIVE: Supplementation with vitamin E is able to protect bone against free radical-induced elevation of bone-resorbing cytokines. We examined gene expression by microarray analysis during the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells treated with vitamin E into osteoblasts in vitro. METHODS: Human bone marrow stem cells were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium and vitamin E was added. A colorimetric immunoassay for the quantification of cell proliferation was used to measure osteoblast differentiation. Gene expression was analyzed using a microarray technique. We also used a real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: It was found that vitamin E enhanced cell proliferation when compared to cells cultured in media without vitamin E. We focused on 68 genes which are related to osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Alkaline phosphatase, transforming growth factor-beta 1, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, matrix metalloproteinase 2, muscle segment homeobox 2, bone morphogenetic protein 1, biglycan, vascular endothelial growth factor B, dentin sialophosphoprotein, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, runt-related transcription factor 2, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3, and SMAD2 were upregulated > 2-fold compared to the control. Conversely, osteopetrosis-associated transmembrane protein 1, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, and epidermal growth factor receptor were downregulated > 2-fold compared to the control. Vitamin E produced a 1.5-fold increase in the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 as determined by real time RT-PCR. CONCLUSION: Vitamin E had a positive effect on the gene expressions regarding osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.

The Association between Components of the Metabolic Syndrome and Bone Mineral Density

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis for 128 men (mean age 50.4 +/- 8.3 years) and 391 women (mean age 46.9 +/- 11.6 years) in Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea. Height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference (cm), and blood pressure (mmHg) were measured. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were measured. BMD at the total hip and lumbar spine was measured by dual X-ray densitometry. All participants completed a standardized questionnaire including medical history, smoking history, alcohol consumption, physical activity and menopausal status. RESULTS: Women with MS had lower BMD at lumbar and total hip sites (0.937 +/- 0.136 g/cm2, P-value 0.010; 0.875 +/- 0.113 g/cm2, P-value 0.045, respectively) than did women without MS. These differences at the spine and femoral neck were persisted after adjusting for age, body mass index, menopause status, alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity. However, no significant differences in BMD were found in men between those with and without MS. In linear regression analyses, waist circumferences were highly associated with BMD at lumbar and total hip sites in women (beta -0.003, P-value < 0.001; beta -0.001, P-value 0.001, respectively). However, no significant differences were found in men between BMD and components of the MS. CONCLUSION: Among components of MS, waist circumference was associated with BMD in women. But no association was found in men. Women with MS had lower BMD than did women without MS.

The effect of pomegranate on postmenopausal syndrome in ovariectomized rats / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether or not pomegranate extract can affect postmenopausal syndrome in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Seventy-nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were used: A, no intervention; B, sham operation and distilled water; C, ovariectomy and distilled water; D, ovariectomy and 10% dilute pomegranate; E, ovariectomy and 20% pomegranate; and F, ovariectomy and 40% pomegranate. The study samples were obtained 4 weeks later. The following parameters were investigated for analyses: the thickness of urogenital epithelium, tail skin temperature, serum levels of sex hormones, lipid profile, homocysteine, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. RESULTS: 20% pomegranate had a transient thickening effect of bladder epithelial layer. There was an intermittent lowering effect of tail skin temperature of pomegranate extract, however, it was not consistent. There were lowering effect in serum homocysteine and elevating effect in serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Pomegranate did not reverse post-ovariectomy reduced sex hormone levels. CONCLUSION: Pomegranate extract showed a tendency to reverse ovariectomy-related urothelial changes. Also pomegranate had a serum homocysteine-lowering effect.

The Effect of Pomegranate on Postmenopausal Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial / 대한폐경학회지

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the safety and effect of pomegranate extract on postmenopausal syndrome. METHODS: One hundred twelve women participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in a tertiary university hospital in Korea. Women were treated with pomegranate extract or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary end point was menopausal symptoms, which were evaluated based on the Kupperman Index. The secondary end point was the serum estradiol (E2, pg/ml) level. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Menopausal symptoms as the Kupperman Index were significantly improved in the pomegranate group compared to placebo during the 12 weeks of intervention (P < 0.0001). Melancholia did not differ between the two groups. There was also no difference in serum E2 levels. There were no differences between the two groups in age, body weight, height, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum white and red blood cell counts, and fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, aspartic transaminase, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, creatinine, and E2 levels. The side effects of pomegranate extract were negligible. CONCLUSION: Pomegranate extract is safe and effective in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Further studies on whether or not the beneficial effect of pomegranate extract is due to the estrogen component are needed.

The Effect of Pomegranate on Postmenopausal Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial / 대한폐경학회지

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the safety and effect of pomegranate extract on postmenopausal syndrome. METHODS: One hundred twelve women participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in a tertiary university hospital in Korea. Women were treated with pomegranate extract or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary end point was menopausal symptoms, which were evaluated based on the Kupperman Index. The secondary end point was the serum estradiol (E2, pg/ml) level. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Menopausal symptoms as the Kupperman Index were significantly improved in the pomegranate group compared to placebo during the 12 weeks of intervention (P < 0.0001). Melancholia did not differ between the two groups. There was also no difference in serum E2 levels. There were no differences between the two groups in age, body weight, height, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum white and red blood cell counts, and fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, aspartic transaminase, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, creatinine, and E2 levels. The side effects of pomegranate extract were negligible. CONCLUSION: Pomegranate extract is safe and effective in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Further studies on whether or not the beneficial effect of pomegranate extract is due to the estrogen component are needed.

Learning curves of total laparoscopic hysterectomies in three gynecologists / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) is becoming more commonly used as an alternative to traditional abdominal hysterectomy and Analyzing the turning point of a learning curve can be useful in planning training programs. This study was to define the average turning point of a learning curve of TLH by comparing three separate gynecologists in one institute. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the first 140 consecutive cases of TLH performed by three separate gynecologists A, B, and C. Patients of each gynecologist were divided into 7 equal groups of 20 operations classed chronologically. Patient's age, uterus weight, operation time and pre-post operative hemoglobin difference of the three gynecologists were compared. Operation time and pre-post operative hemoglobin difference were evaluated to build learning curves for each gynecologist. RESULTS: Learning curve built by operation time showed turning point after 80~100 cases in all three gynecologists. Learning curve built by pre-post operative hemoglobin difference did not show a decreasing pattern. There were no statistical differences in patient's age and pre-post operative hemoglobin difference between the three gynecologists. However, mean uterine weight of gynecologist C was significantly lighter than that of gynecologist A and B. Operation time was significantly longer in cases by gynecologist C than in cases by A and B. CONCLUSION: At least 80~100 cases of experience in TLH is needed for a gynecologist to reach the turning point of the learning curve. This result can be used as a guide to the training program of TLH.

Medical Therapy of Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a common, benign, and chronic gynecologic disorder. It is an Estrogen dependent disease that can cause pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility. GnRH agonists, Danazol, progestogens, and oral contraceptives have been conventionally used for the medical treatment of endometriosis. Increasing knowledge about endometriosis has introduced more new targeted agents for endometriosis. Further study might be required to evaluate effectiveness and safety of new agents.

Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Bone Mineral Density in Middle-aged Women / 대한폐경학회지

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged women. METHODS: Three hundred eight premenopausal women were included in this study, including 268 women without MS and 40 women confirmed to have MS according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. Clinical markers including anthropometric parameters, the serum lipid profile, and glucose level were determined and analyzed with the BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in femoral neck or lumbar BMD between the controls and women with MS. In correlation tests, the body mass index (BMI) showed a significant association with the femoral (r = 0.209, P < 0.001) and lumbar BMD (r = 0.176, P = 0.002). In addition, the waist circumference (WC) was also significantly correlated with the femoral (r = 0.142, P = 0.012) and lumbar BMD (r = 0.113, P = 0.048). CONCLUSION: The BMI and WC showed a significant positive association with the femoral and lumbar spine BMD in premenopausal women. Further studies with a large population will be needed to elucidate the combined effect of MS on BMD in middle-aged women.

OPEN REDUCTION AND TRANSORAL FIXATION USING TROCHAR FOR MANDIBULAR SUBCONDYLE FRACTURE

The Effect of Pomegranate on Depression, Anxiety, and Food Intake in Ovariectomized Rats / 대한폐경학회지

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether or not pomegranate extract can affect depression, anxiety, and food intake in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Seventy-nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: A, no operation and no drug intake; B, sham operation and distilled water; C, ovariectomy and distilled water; D, ovariectomy and 10% dilute pomegranate extract; E, ovariectomy and 20% dilute pomegranate extract; and F, ovariectomy and 40% dilute pomegranate extract. Beginning 2 days after surgery, drugs were administrated for 4 weeks. After that, the rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze (EPM) test and forced swim test (FST). RESULTS: The 10% pomegranate extract had a lower % closed arm entry frequency in the EPM test. A pomegranate dose-dependent decrease in the duration of immobility duration in FST was shown. Pomegranate did not reverse ovariectomy-related hyperphagia and weight gain. CONCLUSION: Pomegranate extract improved depression and anxiety in a postmenopausal model with ovariectomized rats.

Villonodular Synovitis of the Temporomandibular Joint: A Case Report

Villonodular synovitis, also called pigmented villonodular synovitis, is the benign lesion with the characteristic of locally aggressive proliferation of mononuclear histiocyte and giant cell. Typically it involves single joint, especially about 80% of disease occurs in the knee joint. Villonodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint is very rare disease. Differential diagnosis includes synovial chondromatosis and tumors of the temporomandibular joint. Optimal treatment consists of complete excision of the mass and removal of the synovium including adjacent affected bony structures. This is a case report of villonodular synovitis developed in the temporomandibular joint.

Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Stage I and II Endometrial cancer of the uterus: A Study of 59 Cases / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic findings, treatment, and prognostic factors of uterine endometrial cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 59 patients with histologically proven stage I and II endometrial cancer between January 1994 and December 2004, for clinical profiles and survival. The survival of patients was determined by description of last follow up date in medical records or phone calls. RESULTS: The median age at the time of diagnosis was 51 years (range: 30-71 years) and the most common presenting symptom was vaginal bleeding (83.0%). Endometrioid adenocarcinoma was the most common (96.6%) histologic type of all cases. Forty-nine patients (83.0%) were FIGO stage I and 10 patients were stage II (17.0%), and the histological grades of the tumors were 23 (39.0%) grade 1, 17 (28.8%) grade 2, 7 (11.9%) grade 3, and 12 (20.3%) unknown, respectively. All patients were treated by surgery as primary treatment and given postoperative adjuvant therapy including radiation therapy (32.2%), concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (6.8%), and chemotherapy (3.4%). The 5-year disease free survival rate (DFSR) of stage I and stage II were 92.7% and 66.7%, respectively. The age (> or =60) and menopausal status were significant prognostic factors by univariate anlaysis (p=0.0077; p=0.0149, respectively). However, parity, FIGO surgical stage, histological grade, myometrial invasion, and lymph-vascular space invasion were not significant prognostic factors (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The age (> or =60) and menopause state were significant prognostic factors of stage I and II uterine endometrial cancer affecting survival of the patients.