Study on the clinical epidemiological characteristics of human rhinovirus infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To analyze the dominant genotypes and epidemic characteristics of human rhinovirus (HRV) in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in China.Methods:Between June 2017 to December 2019, throat swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from pediatric CAP patients hospitalized in 6 medical institutions in Southern and Northern China (bounded by Qinling and Huaihe River), respectively.A total of 16 species of common respiratory viruses were screened using respiratory pathogen detection kits.Samples with positive HRV were genotyped for further epidemiological analysis.Results:The total detection rate of HRV in pediatric CAP (2 913 cases) was 12.2%(356 cases) in this study, which was 10.3%(145/1 410 cases) and 14.0%(211/1 503 cases) in Northern and Southern China, respectively.The detection rate of HRV in the Southern region was significantly higher than that in the Northern region, the difference was statistically significant( χ2=9.562, P=0.002). Epidemiological analysis showed that the distribution of HRV-positive cases in the Northern region was similar in all age groups, while 90.5% of positive cases in the Southern region were infants under 3 years.Classified by seasonal distribution, HRV-positive cases in the Northern region were mainly distributed in summer and autumn, while those in the Southern region were mainly distributed in spring and autumn.The coinfection rate of HRV and other pathogens was 40.7%, which was significantly higher in the Southern region than that of Northern region (49.0% vs.28.0%), the difference was statistically significant( χ2=15.801, P<0.001). The most common pathogens mixed with HRV were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human boca virus (HBOV) and parainfluenza virus type Ⅲ (PIV3) in the Northern region, with the mixed infection rate of 5.0%, 5.0% and 4.0%, respectively, which were RSV, PIV3 and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in the Southern region, with the mixed infection rate of 9.0%, 7.0% and 6.0%, respectively.The genotyping results showed that all three HRV genotypes were detected.HRV-A (118/220 cases) was the dominant genotype, followed by HRV-C(82/220 cases). Conclusions:The detection rate of HRV in pediatric CAP cases is 12.2% in this study.There are significant differences in age and seasonal distribution of HRV-positive cases in the Southern and Northern regions.Coinfection of HRV and other pathogens is detected.The coinfection rate is significantly higher in the Southern region than that in the Northern region.HRV-A is the dominant genotype, followed by HRV-C.

Analysis of serum anti-EB virus antibody in children with infectious mononucleosis / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To understand the profile type of serum Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies in children with infectious mononucleosis (IM), and to analyze the significance of viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG antibody affinity in the diagnosis of IM.Methods:Retrospective analysis was performed on the results of the serum anti-EBV antibody profile and plasma EBV nucleic acid test of 150 hospitalized children with IM diagnosed in Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University, from May 2016 to May 2019.Anti-EBV antibody profiles, including anti-VCA-IgG, anti-VCA-IgM, anti-early antigen (EA) IgA, anti-EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) IgG, and anti-VCA-IgG affinity, were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma EBV nucleic acids were detected by real-time quantitative PCR.Results:There were mainly two types of anti-EBV antibody profiles in 150 children with IM: (1)130 cases who were positive for anti-VCA-IgM/IgG, negative for anti-EBNA-IgG and positive for anti-VCA-IgG antibodies with low affinity, accounting for 86.7% (130/150 cases), of which 50 cases were positive for anti-early antigen IgA; (2)18 cases who were negative for anti-VCA-IgM, positive for anti-VCA-IgG, negative for anti-EBNA-IgG and positive for anti-VCA-IgG antibody with low affinity, accounting for 12.0% (18/150 cases), of which 5 cases were positive for anti-EA IgA.EBV DNA was measured in 132 children, with a posi-tive rate of 37.9% (50/132 cases).Conclusions:There were several types of serum EBV antibody profiles in children with IM, 12.0% of patients with IM in this study were negative for anti-VCA-IgM, and the diagnosis of IM was confirmed by the affinity of anti-VCA IgG.

Progress in studies on mechanism of immune evasion of Epstein-Barr virus / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) infection is widespread within the human population with over 95% of adults being infected. In response to primary EBV infection, the host mounts an antiviral immune response comprising both innate and adaptive immune system. In healthy populations, the immune system can control EBV infection to a large extent. However, the virus cannot be cleared. Instead, EBV establishes a persistent latent infection in B lymphocytes characterized by limited viral gene expression. To establish a persistent infection efficiently, EBV have evolved a number of strategies to avoid immune elimination. In this review, we focus on the immune evasion mechanisms of EBV encoded immune-evasion proteins, microRNA and host exosome pathway.

Research Advances in Target Genes of Epstein-Barr Virus-encoded MicroRNAs / 病毒学报

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma herpes virus associated with several types of malignancies. The EBV encodes viral microRNAs (miRNAs) that can target genes within cells. The EBV participates in signal transduction as well as the proliferation and differentiation of cells. How the target genes and functions of EBV-encoded miRNAs contribute to the pathogenesis of EBV is an important research topic. Some target genes have been validated since EBV-encoded miRNAs were discovered and, in this article, we summarize them and their functions.

Polymorphisms of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor and its ligand HLA-I gene among northern Chinese Han population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their specific ligands human leukocyte antigen-I (HLA-I) gene in northern China. METHODS One hundred and eighty-four unrelated northern Chinese Han individuals were recruited. Genotypes of the KIR and HLA-ABC genes were studied by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR). RESULTS Sixteen KIR genes were detected among the 184 unrelated individuals. In all individuals, the four framework genes were present. The frequencies for those carrying the remaining 12 KIR genes have ranged from 16.3% to 99.5%. Twenty-four KIR genotypes were identified, for which half were detected in a single individual. A new genotype comprised of KIR2DL3, 3DL1, 2DP1 and the framework genes was detected in one subject. Respectively, 12, 27 and 11 specificities of HLA alleles were identified on the HLA-A, B, C loci. CONCLUSION The distribution of polymorphisms of KIR and its ligand HLA-ABC genes among northern Chinese Han population have been ascertained. The frequencies of 9 KIR/HLA combinations in the above population have been determined for the first time.

Advance on subtypes/variant of Epstein-Barr virus and relationship between subtypes/variants andEpstein-Barr virus related diseases / 国际儿科学杂志

Epstein-Barr virus( EBV )is a ubiquitous human gamma-1 herpesvirus,which is associated with human malignancies,such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma,Burkitt's lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.Based on the polymorphism of amino acids in the polymorphic region of EBV genome,it can be classified into different subtypes/variants.By now,whether the subtypes/variants of EBV preferentially is associated with particular malignancies or represent geographical polymorphism remains controversial.This review summarized the literature on sequence variation in EBV genes,focusing on LMP-1,EBNA-1,and BZLF-1 and their distribution by geography and disease.