Effect of Weather Parameters on of Pests and Diseases in Groundnut and Castor in Salem District of Tamil Nadu, India

The roving survey on the incidence of pests and diseases in groundnut and castor was conducted from August, 2020 to March 2021 in Salem district at fortnight intervals revealed that, in groundnut , leaffolder (20.38%), cutworms S. litura (1.63/20 pls), thrips (10.69/20 pls), leaf spot (15.25%) and root rot (6.31%) , similarly in castor pests, whiteflies (23.06/20 pls), A. janata (8.38/20 pls), S. litura (10.19/ 20 pls), thrips (11.63 / 20 pls), C. punctiferalis (7.25/20 pls), alternaria blight (17.56%) and botrytis rot (4.19%) were found feeding /infecting on different parts of the crops. The correlation with weather parameters indicated, positive correlation of rainfall, relative humidity and wind speed on incidence of leaffolder (0.47998, 0.311421 and 0.339961) but rainfall and relative humidity increased root rot (0.433059 and 0.393255) whereas, maximum temperature influenced high infection of leafspot (0.67911) in groundnut. The whiteflies incidence in castor was positively correlated with (0.490967) and rainfall (0.389125) whereas, lepidopteran pests by relative humidity (0.61212) and rainfall (0.49415). The thrips and botrytis rot were influenced by relative humidity and rainfall rot (0.65914 and 0.77965, 0.57456 and 0.82709). But natural enemies in groundnut and castor had non-significant correlation with weather parameters.

Telangana Jonna 1(CSV 41): A High Yielding, Dual Purpose, Potential Sorghum Variety

Aims: The aim of this study was popularize the developed high yielding, dual purpose, potential sorghum variety and its acceptability by the farming community.Study of Design: Randomized Block Design.Place and Duration of Study: The Present study was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Nagarkurnool and evaluated across fifteen AICRP centers at national level from 2010 to 2019.Methodology: A high yielding, dual purpose sorghum variety was derived from a cross between SPV-86 x ICSR-89064 through Pedigree method of breeding and subsequently it was evaluated at station level from 2013 – 2015 and also at AICRP system from fifteen centers during 2016 – 2018 for its grain and fodder yield and resistance to pests and diseases and showed superior performance over the three nation checks.Results: Sorghum culture SPV 2437 recorded highest grain and fodder yield of 3179.8 kg ha-1 and15900.2 kg ha-1and yielded +39.25%, +3.86% and +14.88% higher grain yield and +92.48, +13.59, and +8.46 higher fodder yield superiority than checks CSV 17, CSV 20 and CSV-27 and shown 3.67 mean field grade and 4.37 mean threshed grade showing resistant reaction to grain mold disease.Conclusion: The sorghum variety SPV 2437 with higher grain and fodder yield, resistance to pest and disease and good cooking quality as compared to the check varieties was released through central varietal release committee during 2020 for Zone I (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Gujarat states) on the name of Telangana Jonna 1/CSV 41 and gaining its importance across the states for its high potential yield.

Correlation of Cardiac manifestations In Dengue

Objectives: This study was done to study the prevalence of cardiac manifestations of dengue fever in patients presenting to our hospital and to find out the correlation of cardiac manifestations with the warning signs of dengue infection The study was conducted at Government Villupuram Medical College and Hospital,a tertiary careMethods: hospital in the month of July to December 2021. One hundred consecutive patients aged 15 years or more with positive dengue serology were interviewed and examined. ECG was done for all patients and selected patients underwent echo evaluation and troponin testing. The data was analyzed using statistical significance tests Thirty-three patientsResults: had no warning signs, 59 patients had one warning sign or the other. Eight patients had severe dengue. The minimum pulse rate was 32/ minute. The most common cardiac abnormalities noted were rhythm abnormalities of which the commonest was sinus bradycardia, found in 34 percent. There was statistically significant correlation between cardiac manifestations and all the warning signs except persistent vomiting. Among severe dengue, fluid accumulation causing respiratory distress was found to have a significant correlation with the cardiac manifestations The mostConclusions: common cardiac manifestations noted were transient rhythm abnormalities, of which sinus bradycardia was the commonest. There was no evidence of Myocarditis in any of the patients .There was statistically significant correlation between cardiac manifestations and all the warning signs except persistent vomiting. Among severe dengue, fluid accumulation causing respiratory distress was found to have a significant correlation with the cardiac manifestations.

Panorama of neoplasms of upper GI tract: a 5 year research study.

Background: The diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are the most common and leading cause of morbidity and mortality than the disorders of any other systems of the body. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors are one of the most common cancers accounting for 11% of all cancers. Among these tumors, upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies are quite aggressive with a dismal prognosis. Malignant tumors are most common than benign. The most common carcinoma of the esophagus is Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Incidence of SCC is less than 5 per 100,000 populations in males and 1 per 100,000 populations in females. Gastric cancer was the second most common cancer in the World and 60% of them occurred in developing countries. The most common carcinoma of the Stomach is Adenocarcinoma. Aim & Objectives: To study the spectrum of neoplastic lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract by the examination of endoscopic biopsies and surgically resected specimens. To determine the degree of severity of the malignancies by assessing the depth of invasion, Lymph nodal & Omental spread. Methods: The present study is both retrospective & prospective study for a period of 5 years from January 2007 to December 2011. The sample size includes all the endoscopic biopsies & surgically resected specimens of gastrointestinal tract received at Department of Pathology, S.V. Medical College, Tirupati. The study also obtained clearance from the ethical committee of the institution. The biopsy specimens thus obtained were fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. The sections were stained routinely with H & E. Special stains and IHC done wherever necessary. Results: we have received 120 specimens regarding the upper gastrointestinal system. Among these 120 specimens, 71 specimens were endoscopic biopsies & 49 specimens were surgically resected specimens. Out of 71 Endoscopic biopsies 28 biopsies were malignant among which 2 was esophagus and 26 were stomach. Out of 49 surgically resected specimens 1 was benign and 32 were malignant tumors. Out of 59 neoplasms of stomach there were single cases each of Sub mucosal Lipoma, Malignant lymphoma, GIST & 56 cases of Adenocarcinoma & its variants were noted. Conclusion: Most of the neoplasms are of stomach (97%). All the neoplasms are malignant except one benign lesion sub mucous lipoma of stomach. Most of the neoplasms of stomach were Adenocarcinoma (96.5%). Both tumors of esophagus were squamous cell carcinoma occurred after 50 years of age.

An Investigation on Enhancement of Solubility of 5 Fluorouracil by Applying Complexation Technique- Characterization, Dissolution and Molecular-Modeling Studies.

The drug 5 fluorouracil is sparingly soluble in water. The aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of 5-fluorouracil can be increased by inclusion complexation with β-cyclodextrin. Molecular-modeling studies support the formation of stable molecular inclusion complexation of 5-fluorouracil with β-cyclodextrin monomer (1:1). Complexes were prepared by physical mixture, kneading, co evaporation and freeze drying methods. Two ratios 1:1 and 1:2 were formulated. These eight complexes were subjected to Phase-solubility study, molecular modeling and dissolution study. The complexes formed were confirmed by DSC studies. Phase solubility profile indicated that the solubility of 5-fluorouracil increased in the presence of β-cyclodextrin monomer. Results obtained by different characterization techniques clearly indicate that the freeze-drying method leads to formation of solid state complexes between 5-fluorouracil and β-cyclodextrin. The complexation of 5-fluorouracil with β- cyclodextrin lends an ample credence for better therapeutic efficacy.

Bilayer tablet technology: An overview.

Over the past 30 years as the expense and complications involved in marketing new drug entities have increased, with concomitant recognition of the therapeutic advantages of controlled drug delivery, greater attention has been focused on development of sustained or controlled release drug delivery systems. Bilayer tablet is new era for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide a way of successful drug delivery system.

Novel Mucoadhesive Polymers –A Review.

The current article focuses on polymers used in mucosal delivery of therapeutic agents. The mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a popular novel drug delivery method because mucous membranes are relatively permeable, allowing for the rapid uptake of a drug into the systemic circulation and avoiding the first pass metabolism. Mucoadhesive polymers have been utilized in many different dosage forms in efforts to achieve systemic delivery of drugs through the different mucosa. These dosage forms include tablets, patches, tapes, films, semisolids and powders. The objective of this review is to study about novel mucoadhesive polymers and to design improved drug delivery systems.

A pilot study on the effects of a polyherbal formulation cream on diabetic foot ulcers.

Background & objectives: Diabetic foot ulcers are the most common cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations in developing countries. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the safety of using a polyherbal formulation in healing diabetic foot ulcers in comparison with standard silver sulphadiazine cream among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A total of 40 (M:F=29:14) consecutive type 2 diabetes patients with foot ulcers were enrolled in this study. They were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 each; Group 1 was treated with polyherbal formulation and group 2 with silver sulphadiazine cream. All the patients were followed up for a period of 5 months. The baseline ulcer size was noted and photograph of the wound was taken at the baseline and at each follow up visit. Number of days taken for healing of the wound was recorded. Results: The mean age of patients, duration of diabetes and HbA1c% were similar in both the study groups. The mean length and width of the ulcers was also similar in both the groups at baseline visit. There was a significant decrease in the size of the wound (length and width) in both the study groups (P<0.001). The mean time taken for the healing of the ulcer was around 43 days in both groups. Interpretation & conclusions: Diabetic wound cream prepared by using polyherbal formulation was found to be effective as well as safe in healing diabetic foot ulcers like the standard silver sulphadiazine cream.

Chitosan polymer used as carrier in various pharmaceutical formulations: Brief review.

Chitosan (CS) is a naturally occurring polymer which finds a wide array of pharmaceutical applications due to its low production costs, biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxic nature and mucoadhesion. It has been used in the blueprint of many different types of drug carriers; for various administration rules such as oral, buccal, nasal, transdermal, parenteral, vaginal, cervical, intrauterine and rectal. CS microspheres can be prepared by chemical denaturation process, solvent evaporation method and complex coacervation methods.

Preparation and evaluation of gentamicin loaded chitosangelatin composite films for wound healing activity.

Natural polymers are used as lead compounds for design of therapeutic drug delivery systems for treatment of different ailments. Chitosan and gelatin have proven wound healing properties individually. As both have wound healing property, the combination of these two polymers and incorporation of drugs into the composite films may show improvement in wound healing property. Thus, the composite films and drug loaded films were evaluated for various in vitro evaluation tests and to ascertain the applicability of prepared combination for wound healing activity. The composite films were prepared with increase in gelatin concentration. The drug loaded films were prepared with increasing concentrations of drug. These films were evaluated for thickness, folding endurance, water absorption capacity, antibacterial activity, tensile strength, in vitro drug release by diffusion studies and in vivo studies by excision wound model. The drug loaded films shown significant difference in folding endurance, water absorption capacity, antibacterial activity when compared to optimized composite film. There was no significant difference in thickness and tensile strength of drug loaded films when compared to blank composite films. Percentage of wound contraction was more for wounds treated with gentamicin loaded chitosan-gelatin composite film than blank composite film. With the above results, gentamicin loaded chitosan-gelatin combination had shown better results when compared to chitosan-gelatin film, chitosan film alone in wound healing activity.

Oral melanin pigmentation in smoked and smokeless tobacco users in India. Clinico-pathological study.

Tobacco used as smoked and smokeless form induces oral mucosal changes in which intra-oral mucosal pigmentation is one of the clinical manifestations. The melanocyte activity responsible for pigment changes is not well documented in the literature. The present study is undertaken to observe clinical and histological changes in oral buccal and labial mucosa of 41 tobacco users and compared with 8 controls. 95.24% of smokers showed pigmentation of both labial and buccal mucosa. Labial mucosa showed a high degree fo pigmentation (81%) than the buccal mucosa (33.3%). 93.3% of alcoholics showed a high degree of pigmentation. Hypermelanocytosis and melanosis were observed in smokers. Pigmentation at the site of quid placement was absent in smokeless tobacco users but mild pigmentation was observed away from the site of quid placement with the concurrent increase in the number of melanocytes and melanocytic activity.

Adenosine deaminase in cord blood as an immunoenzyme marker in low birth weight neonates.

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) levels were estimated in cord blood of 30 neonates born with birth weight less than or equal to 2.5 kg and 30 neonates born with birth weight greater than 2.5 kg. The mean ADA levels in low birth weight (LBW) group was found to be 6.94 U/L and in normal birth weight group the mean ADA levels were 14.37 U/L which was statistically significant. Therefore ADA may be useful in assessing CMI status in low birth weight infants.

Glycoconjugate profile in plasma and erythrocytes of gastric cancer patients.

The present study has examined the glycoconjugate profile in plasma and erythrocyte membranes of 24 adult male gastric cancer patients and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls. Protein-bound hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid were significantly increased in plasma and erythrocytes of gastric cancer patients compared to controls. Elevation of glycoconjugates in circulation is suggested to be a result of increased shedding by the tumor cells or increased synthesis by liver, due to acute phase response.

Role of life-style on plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipid profile in gastric cancer patients.

The present study has examined the role of life-style on plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipid profile in 25 adult male gastric cancer patients as well as age and sex-matched controls. Total, free and LDH cholesterol were markedly elevated in plasma and erythrocyte membrane whereas HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced in gastric cancer patients. These changes can be attributed to alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking-risk factors in gastric carcinogenesis, associated with low levels of ascorbic acid and vitamin E.