Antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of streptococcus pneumonia isolates among children under 5 years of age, Hai Phong city, Viet Nam, during the period of 2006- 2007

Background: Streptococcus pneumonia (S.pneumoniae) is the main cause of acquired pneumonia in the community along with otitis media, sinusitis, septicemia and meningitis. Objectives: The study determined antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumonia isolates from hospitalized children at Hai Phong Children's Hospital, Vietnam. Subjects and method: From June 2006 to September 2007, 80 pneumococccal isolates were tested for susceptibility to the 13 antibiotics and 84 pneumococcal isolates were serotyped. Results:Seventy-five percent of strains showed multi-drug resistance. Ninety percent of strains showed resistance to penicillin (48% intermediate and 42% fully resistant). In addition, 100% of isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole, 74% of isolates were resistant to cephalexin; 71 % of isolates were resistant to erythroomycin and 58% were resistant to cefuroxxime. Almost all the isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceefepime, ofloxacin and 100% of isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Among the 84 serotypes, 82% were included in the 23 valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine including: 19F (30%), 23F (21 %), 14 (13%) and 6B (13%). Six other serotypes (13, 15C, 18, 11A, 15B and 6A) accounted for 12% of strains and 9 (11%) strains were untypeable. Conclusion: Pneumococcal antibiotics is spreading most rapidly among children in Vietnam, especially strains typs 19F and 23 F. Concerted efforts are necessary to prevent it spreading.\r\n", u'\r\n', u'

Characteristics of the antibiotic resistance gene of S.pneumoniae isolated from nasopharyngeal swab of the pneumonia patients in Ha Noi

Background: Acute lower respiratory tract infection, mainly pneumonia, were the main reasons cause death for children under 5 years old. Objectives: Determine the isolated rate of bacteria inpatients under 5 years old with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ha Noi and antibiotic resistance of pneumococcal isolated form patients. Subjects and method: Patients under 5 years old with acute lower respiratory tract infection in National hospital of pediatrics and Bach Mai hospital from 01/2002. Using quantitative culturedand PCR method. Results: Out of total 164 patients with lower respiratory tract infection, there were 91 diagnosed pneumonia by chest X-ray, 73 cases of acute bronchitis. 73,6% of the pneumococcal isolated were penicillin resistance (gPRSP) with different genes such as pbp 1a+2x+ab. Most of the S.pneumoniae strains were serotype 19F or 23F. There were no statistic differences by comparison charactersistics of weight, vessel, subclinical symptoms such as: dissolved oxygen level (S\xac\xacp\xac\xac\xac\xacO\xac2\xac), the amount of leucocyte in blood. However, temperature of pneumonia patients was higher than bronchitis patients, breathing of pneumonia patients was also faster than bronchitis patients. Isolated bacteria with amount \ufffd?106 cfu/ml was H.influenzae, S.pneumoniae and Moraxell catarrhalis in pneumonia group, bronchitis group was 28,8% and control group was 17,1%. Conclusion: Penicillin, erythoromycin and co-trimoxazole resistance rate of S.pneumoniaein patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection was high. Quantitative cultured method has prognostic value in diagnosis pneumonia.

Evaluation of prevention effectiveness of intracranial hemorrhage with vitamin K injection for newborns

Background: Intracranial hemorrhage (lCH) is a common disease with high rate of mortality and neurological sequel. Objectives:to estimate preventive effectiveness of intracranial hemorrhage by vitamin K1 and K3 for newborns just after birth". Subjects and methods: An epidemiological, randomized control study with intervention was conducted. The study included all children under 3 months with and without ICH during period 1/1/2000 -30/6/2004 living in Hatay province. Among them all the newborns during period 1/6/2002 - 30/6/2004 were injected either 1 mg vitamin K1 or K3. Results: Children injected with vitamin K in the intervention period were followed up in three months and evaluated by a united process. Effects of intervention were calculated by preventive value. 62.057/82069 newborns were injected vitamin K1 or Vitamin K3 (25.725 newborns were injected Vitamin K1; 36.332 newborns were injected vitamin K3). Single dose 1M reduced the rate of ICH in infants: The morbidity changed from 3.3\ufffd?to 0.82\ufffd? the prevention value was 96%. There were no complications and side effects of vitamin K injections reported. Conclusions: Injection of vitamin K1 and K3 have similar preventive effectiveness. Vitamin K injection 1M with recommended dose was safe for newborns.\r\n', u' \r\n', u'\r\n', u'

Splenectomy in children

Spleen plays important functions in the body. There were many indications for splenectomy, including spleen traumas, splenorenal shunt, vascular accident due to the spleen, splenic cyst, splenomegaly compressing other organs, congenital hemolytic anemia, acquired immunohematological diseases, hypersplenism leading to the peripheral blood cell deficiency. The major risk after splenectomy was severe infection. The hypersplenism was improved after splenectomy.

Beta-thalassemia

The rate of general population carries the gene of Beta-thalassemia in some countries was high such as North of Italia (20%), Sardinia (11-34%), and Cyprus (5-15%). The frequency of gene carrier of Beta-thalassemia was quite common such as Laos (9.6%), Thailand (6%), and South of China and Cambodia. This rate in Kinh Nation of Vietnam was 1.5-2% higher than other minorities. It was estimated that there were 1.17-1.56 millions of Vietnamese who carry the gene of Beta-thalassemia.

Anemia related with hemoglobin diseases in Thai children in Lao Cai

Totally 179 children aged from 6 months to 15 years from 2 villages Taja and Na Cang, Than Uyen district, Lao Cai province was investigated clinically and hematologically. Among them, 99 were boys and 80 girls. The results show that prevalance of anemia among these children was as high as 49.7%. 50 anemic from children 89 had hemoglobin disorder. All children with moderate and severe anemia had hemoglobin-diseases. From the result above we suggest that thalassemia and HbE are serious cause for anemia in children from the region. It is nesecery to establish the thalassemia prevention programme for this region.