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There are various methods for restoring the dentition of completely edentulous patients. Removable complete dentures have the advantage of being relatively economical, but they can be uncomfortable to wear. With the introduction of implant prosthodontics, various options such as implant-supported overdentures and hybrid prostheses have become available. If there is inadequate remaining ridge or limited financial resources, an overdenture supported by a few implants with additional attachments may be more suitable. In this case, due to severe peri-implantitis and other complications, the implants were removed. Subsequently, four implants (two on each side) were placed in the maxilla and a milledbar with attachment was fabricated for each side of the maxilla.
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PURPOSE@#Accuracy of image matching between resting and smiling facial models is affected by the stability of the reference surfaces. This study aimed to investigate the morphometric variations in subdivided facial units during resting, posed and spontaneous smiling. @*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#The posed and spontaneous smiling faces of 33 adults were digitized and registered to the resting faces. The morphological changes of subdivided facial units at the forehead (upper and lower central, upper and lower lateral, and temple), nasal (dorsum, tip, lateral wall, and alar lobules), and chin (central and lateral) regions were assessed by measuring the 3D mesh deviations between the smiling and resting facial models. The one-way analysis of variance, Duncan post hoc tests, and Student’s t-test were used to determine the differences among the groups (α = .05). @*RESULTS@#The smallest morphometric changes were observed at the upper and central forehead and nasal dorsum; meanwhile, the largest deviation was found at the nasal alar lobules in both the posed and spontaneous smiles (P < .001). The spontaneous smile generally resulted in larger facial unit changes than the posed smile, and significant difference was observed at the alar lobules, central chin, and lateral chin units (P < .001). @*CONCLUSION@#The upper and central forehead and nasal dorsum are reliable areas for image matching between resting and smiling 3D facial images. The central chin area can be considered an additional reference area for posed smiles; however, special cautions should be taken when selecting this area as references for spontaneous smiles.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to gain better understanding of the importance of dental prosthesis order platform services and to identify the essential elements for their enhancement and wider adoption among dental professionals. @*Materials and Methods@#A survey was conducted to assess the perspectives of dentists, dental technicians, dental hygienists, and dental industry professionals toward dental prosthesis ordering and associated platform services (a total of 53 respondents). The questionnaire was devised after an expert review and assessed for reliability using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Factor analysis revealed that 57 factors across five categories accounted for 88.417% of the total variance. The survey was administered through an online questionnaire platform, and data analysis was conducted using a statistical software, employing one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test (α = 0.05). @*Results@#The essential elements identified were accurate information input, effective communication, delivery of distortion-free impressions, convenience in data transmission and storage, development of stable and affordable platform services (P < 0.05). Furthermore, significant differences were observed in the importance of these items based on age, dental profession, and career experience (P < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#The dental prosthesis ordering platform services, the requirements of dental personnel were stability, economic efficiency, and ease of transmitting and storing prosthesis data. The findings can serve as important indicators for the development and improvement of dental prosthesis order platform services.
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. The findings indicate that analog facebow transfer produced a linear deviation ranging from 3 to 16 mm and an angular deviation of the occlusal plane between 5 to 7 degrees. This case report confirms that, across two patients, analog facebow transfer can result in varying degrees of positional deviation, thereby potentially leading to inaccuracies in the fabrication of dental pros-theses. These results suggest that, in clinical practice, the use of analog facebow transfer may yield significant deviations during the process of mounting maxillary casts.
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PURPOSE@#. This study investigated the accuracy of full-arch intraoral scans obtained by various scan strategies with the segmental scan and merge methods. @*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#. Seventy intraoral scans (seven scans per group) were performed using 10 scan strategies that differed in the segmental scan (1, 2, or 3 segments) and the scanning motion (straight, zigzag, or combined). The three-dimensional (3D) geometric accuracy of scan images was evaluated by comparison with a reference image in an image analysis software program, in terms of the arch shape discrepancies. Measurement parameters were the intermolar distance, interpremolar distance, anteroposterior distance, and global surface deviation. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significance difference post hoc tests were carried out to compare differences among the scan strategy groups (α = .05). @*RESULTS@#. The linear discrepancy values of intraoral scans were not different among scan strategies performed with the single scan and segmental scan methods. In general, differences in the scan motion did not show different accuracies, except for the intermolar distance measured under the scan conditions of a 3-segmental scan and zigzag motion. The global surface deviations were not different among all scan strategies. @*CONCLUSION@#. The segmental scan and merge methods using two scan parts appear to be reliable as an alternative to the single scan method for full-arch intraoral scans. When three segmental scans are involved, the accuracy of complete arch scan can be negatively affected.
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Purpose@#. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance efficiency of two different drill combinations according to the heat generated and drilling time. @*Materials and methods@#. In this study, cow ribs were used as research materials. To test the specimen, cow bones were rid of fascia and muscles, and a temperature sensor was mounted around the drilling area. The experimental group was divided into a group using a guide drill and a group using a Lindmann drill according to the drill used before the initial drilling. The drilling sequence of the guide drilling group is as follows; guide drill (ø 2.25), initial drill (ø 2.25), twist drill (ø 2.80), and twist drill (ø 3.20). The drilling sequence of the Lindmann drilling group is as follows; Lindmann drill (ø 2.10), initial drill (ø 2.25), twist drill (ø 2.80), and twist drill (ø 3.20). The temperature was measured after drilling. For statistical analysis, the difference between the groups was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Friedman test was used (α = .05). @*Results@#. The average performance efficiency for each specimen of guide drilling group ranged from 0.3861 to 1.1385 mm3/s and that of Lindmann drilling group ranged from 0.1700 to 0.4199 mm3/s. The two drill combinations contained a guide drill and Lindmann drill as their first drills. The combination using the guide drill demonstrated excellent performance efficiency when calculated using the drilling time (P < .001). @*Conclusion@#. Since the guide drill group showed better performance efficiency than the Lindmann drill group, the use of the guide drill was more suitable for the primary drilling process.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to evaluate the effect of repeated use of an implant handpiece under an implant placement torque (35 Ncm) and overloading torque condition (50 Ncm) on an output torque. @*Materials and Methods@#Two types of implant handpiece systems (Surgicpro/X-DSG20L [NSK, Kanuma, Japan] and SIP20/CRB46LN [SAESHIN, Daegu, South Korea]) were used. The output torque was measured using a digital torque gauge. The height and angle (x, y, and z axes) of the digital torque gauge and implant handpiece were adjusted through a jig for passive connection. The experiment was conducted under the setting torque value of 35 Ncm (implant placement torque) and 50 Ncm (overloading torque condition) and 30 times per set; a total of 5 sets were performed (N = 150).For statistical analysis, the difference between the groups was analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test and the Friedman test was used to confirm the change in output torque (α=.05). @*Results@#NSK and SAESHIN implant handpieces showed significant differences in output torque results at the setting torques of 35 Ncm and 50 Ncm (P <.001). The type of implant handpiece and repeated use influenced the output torque (P <.001). @*Conclusion@#. There may be a difference between the setting torque and actual output torque due to repeated use, and the implant handpiece should be managed and repaired during long-term use. In addition, for successful implant results in dental clinics, the output torque of the implant handpiece system should be checked before implant placement.
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Purpose@#The technique introduced in this study describes a technique for surface treatment that applies a photocuring resin to the surface of an interim crown fabricated by three-dimensional (3D) printing without a conventional polishing method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate marginal and internal fit and the intaglio surface trueness of interim crowns after surface treatment of 3D-printed crowns for clinical application. @*Materials and Methods@#An interim crown was fabricated using a 3D printer with digital light-processing technology, and the surface support was removed. After the posttreatment process, the resin was thinly applied to the surface of the interim crown and polymerized to solve the esthetic problem of the surface without the conventional polishing process. In addition, the marginal and internal fits were measured to verify the clinical use of this technique, and the trueness was evaluated to confirm the deformation of the inner surface according to the technical application of the outer surface of the interim crown. The difference before and after the evaluation by a statistical method was verified using an independent t-test (α=0.05).Result: There was no significant difference in the marginal and internal fit before and after the application of this technique (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in intaglio surface trueness before and after the application of this technique (P=0.963). @*Conclusion@#There was no change in the marginal and internal fit or in intaglio surface trueness of the interim crowns to which this technology was applied. This surface treatment technique is a more convenient method for interim crowns fabricated using 3D-printing technology without the conventional polishing process.
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Purpose@#The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the change in the temperature of the adhesive resin in polycrystalline ceramic brackets irradiated using a diode laser at different irradiation energy levels and times. @*Materials and Methods@#For the measurement of the temperature of the adhesive resin, it was applied at the base of the ceramic bracket, a thermocouple was placed at the center of the base surface, the bracket was placed on prepared resin specimens for light curing, and a laser was irradiated to the center of the bracket slot at 5, 7, and 10 W. For the measurement of the temperatures of the enamel under the bracket and pulp cavity, extracted premolar was fixed to a prepared mold and the ceramic bracket was bonded to the buccal surface of the premolar. The Kruskal–Wallis H test and Friedman test were used for statistical analysis.Result: At 5 W, the temperature of the adhesive resin did not reach the resin softening temperature of 200°C within 30 seconds. At 7 W, it reached 200°C when the ceramic bracket was irradiated continuously for 28 seconds. At 10 W, it reached 200°C when the ceramic bracket was irradiated continuously for 15 seconds. During laser irradiation, the temperature of the enamel under the bracket increased by over 5°C within 15 seconds. @*Conclusion@#The use of diode laser irradiation for bracket debonding should be carefully considered because the pulp cavity temperature increases by over 5°C within the irradiation time for resin thermal softening.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to evaluate the effect of repeated use of an implant handpiece under an implant placement torque (35 Ncm) and overloading torque condition (50 Ncm) on an output torque. @*Materials and Methods@#Two types of implant handpiece systems (Surgicpro/X-DSG20L [NSK, Kanuma, Japan] and SIP20/CRB46LN [SAESHIN, Daegu, South Korea]) were used. The output torque was measured using a digital torque gauge. The height and angle (x, y, and z axes) of the digital torque gauge and implant handpiece were adjusted through a jig for passive connection. The experiment was conducted under the setting torque value of 35 Ncm (implant placement torque) and 50 Ncm (overloading torque condition) and 30 times per set; a total of 5 sets were performed (N = 150).For statistical analysis, the difference between the groups was analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test and the Friedman test was used to confirm the change in output torque (α=.05). @*Results@#NSK and SAESHIN implant handpieces showed significant differences in output torque results at the setting torques of 35 Ncm and 50 Ncm (P <.001). The type of implant handpiece and repeated use influenced the output torque (P <.001). @*Conclusion@#. There may be a difference between the setting torque and actual output torque due to repeated use, and the implant handpiece should be managed and repaired during long-term use. In addition, for successful implant results in dental clinics, the output torque of the implant handpiece system should be checked before implant placement.
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PURPOSE@#The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of a desktop scanner and intraoral scanners based on the volumetric dimensions of a complete arch. @*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#Seven reference models were fabricated based on the volumetric dimensions of complete arch (70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, and 130%). The reference models were digitized using an industrial scanner (Solutionix C500; MEDIT) for the fabrication of a computer-aided design (CAD) reference model (CRM). The reference models were digitized using three intraoral scanners (CS3600, Trios3, and i500) and one desktop scanner (E1) to fabricate a CAD test model (CTM). CRM and CTM were then superimposed using inspection software, and 3D analysis was conducted. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance was used to verify the difference in accuracy based on the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch and the accuracy based on the scanners, and the differences among the groups were analyzed using the Tukey HSD test as a post-hoc test (α=.05). @*RESULTS@#The three different scanners showed a significant difference in accuracy based on the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch (P<.05), but the desktop scanner did not show a significant difference in accuracy based on the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch (P=.808). @*CONCLUSION@#The accuracy of the intraoral scanners was dependent on the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch, but the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch had no effect on the accuracy of the desktop scanner. Additionally, depending on the type of intraoral scanners, the accuracy differed according to the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to assess the marginal and internal fit of interim crowns fabricated by two different manu-facturing method (subtractive manufacturing technology and additive manufacturing technology). @*Materials and Methods@#Forty study models were fabricated with plasters by making an impression of a master model of the maxillary right first molar for ceramic crown. On each study model, interim crowns (n = 40) were fabricated using three types of 3D printers (Meg-printer 2; Megagen, Zenith U; Dentis, and Zenith D; Dentis) and one type milling machine (imes-icore 450i; imes-icore GmbH). The internal of the interim crowns were filled with silicon and fitted to the study model. Internal scan data was obtained using an intraoral scanner. The fit of in-terim crowns were evaluated in the margin, absolute margin, axial, cusp, and occlusal area by using the superimposition of 3D scan data (Geomagic control X; 3D Systems). The Kruskal-wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test and Bonferroni correction method were used to compare the results among groups (α = 0.05). @*Results@#There was no significant difference in the absolute marginal discrepancy of the temporary crown manufactured by three 3D printers and one milling machine (P = 0.812). There was a significant difference between the milling machine and the 3D printer in the axial and occlusal area (P < 0.001). The temporary crown with the milling machine showed smaller axial gap and higher occlusal gap than 3D printer. @*Conclusion@#Since the marginal fit of the temporary crown produced by three types of 3D printers were all with in clinically acceptable range (< 120 µm), it can be sufficiently used for the fab-rication of the temporary crown.
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Purpose@#Using two types of electronic apex locators, this study aimed to investigate the differences in accuracy according to the evaluator and equipment. @*Materials and Methods@#Artificial teeth of the lower first premolars and two mandibular acrylic models (A and B) were used in this study. In the artificial teeth, the pulp chamber was opened and the access cavity was prepared.Using calibrated digital Vernier calipers, the distance from the top of the cavity and the root apex was measured to assess the actual distance between two artificial teeth. The evaluation was conducted by 20 dentists, and each evaluator repeated measurements for each electronic apex locator five times. The difference between the actual distance from the top of the cavity to the root apex and the distance measured using electronic measuring equipment was compared. For statistical analysis, the Friedman test the Mann–Whitney U-test were conducted and the differences between groups were analyzed (α=0.05).Result: As for the accuracy of measurement according to the two types of electronic apex locators, the value of the measurement error was 0.4753 mm in Dentaport ZX and 0.3321 mm in E-Cube Plus. Moreover, electronic apex locators Dentaport ZX and E-Cube Plus showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). As for the difference in the accuracy of the two types of electronic apex locators according to the evaluator, the resulting values differed depending on the evaluator and showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). @*Conclusion@#Electronic apex locator E-Cube Plus showed higher accuracy than did Dentaport ZX. Nevertheless, both types of electronic apex locators showed 100% accuracy in finding the region within root apex ±0.5 mm zone. Fur-thermore, according to the evaluator, the two electronic apex locators showed different resulting values.
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PURPOSE@#The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of displacement while tightening the screw of scan bodies, which were compared according to the material type. @*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#Three types of scan bodies whose base regions were made up of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) material [Straumann Group, Dentium Group, and Myfit (PEEK) Group] and another scan body whose base region was made up of titanium material [Myfit (Metal) Group] were used (15 per group). The reference model was fabricated by aligning the scan body library on the central axis of the implant, and moving this position by the resin model. The screws of the scan bodies were tightened to the implant fixture with torques of 5 Ncm, 10 Ncm, and a hand tightening torque. After the application of the torque, the scan bodies were scanned using a laboratory scanner. To evaluate the vertical, horizontal, and 3-dimensional (3D) displacements, a 3D inspection software program was used. To examine the difference among groups, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test were used (α=.05). @*RESULTS@#There were significant differences in 3D, vertical, and horizontal displacements among the different types of scan bodies (P<.001). There was a significantly lower displacement in the Straumann group than in the Myfit (PEEK) and Dentium groups (P<.05). @*CONCLUSION@#The horizontal displacement in all groups was less than 10 µm. With the hand tightening torque, a high vertical displacement of over 100 µm occurred in PEEK scan bodies (Myfit and Dentium). Therefore, it is recommended to apply a tightening torque of 5 Ncm instead of a hand tightening torque.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to evaluate the machining precision and the marginal and internal fit of single restorations fabricated with three types of lithium disilicate ceramic blocks and to evaluate the correlation. @*Materials and methods@#Single restorations were designed using a CAD software program. The crown designed model file was extracted from the CAD software program. Three types of lithium disilicate blocks (Rosetta; HASS, IPS e.max CAD; Ivoclar vivadent, VITA Suprinity; VITA) were milled using a milling machine. For the fabrication of the crown scanned model file, the intaglio surface of the restoration was digitized using a contact scanner. Then, using the three-dimensional inspection software (Geomagic control X; 3D Systems), the process of the overlap of the crown designed model and the scanned model and 3-dimensional analysis was conducted. In addition, the marginal and internal fit of the crowns was evaluated by a silicone replication method. The difference among three types of single ceramic crown was analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between machining precision and fitness (α=.05) @*Results@#There was a significant difference in the machining precision and the marginal and internal fit according to the type of ceramic block (P<.001). In addition, the machining precision and the marginal and internal fit were positively correlated (P<.001). @*Conclusion@#The marginal fit of crowns fabricated according to the types of ceramic blocks was within the clinically acceptable range (< 120 µm), so it can be regarded as appropriate machining precision applicable to all clinical as aspects in terms of the marginal fit.
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PURPOSE@#The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of a desktop scanner and intraoral scanners based on the volumetric dimensions of a complete arch. @*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#Seven reference models were fabricated based on the volumetric dimensions of complete arch (70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, and 130%). The reference models were digitized using an industrial scanner (Solutionix C500; MEDIT) for the fabrication of a computer-aided design (CAD) reference model (CRM). The reference models were digitized using three intraoral scanners (CS3600, Trios3, and i500) and one desktop scanner (E1) to fabricate a CAD test model (CTM). CRM and CTM were then superimposed using inspection software, and 3D analysis was conducted. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance was used to verify the difference in accuracy based on the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch and the accuracy based on the scanners, and the differences among the groups were analyzed using the Tukey HSD test as a post-hoc test (α=.05). @*RESULTS@#The three different scanners showed a significant difference in accuracy based on the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch (P<.05), but the desktop scanner did not show a significant difference in accuracy based on the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch (P=.808). @*CONCLUSION@#The accuracy of the intraoral scanners was dependent on the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch, but the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch had no effect on the accuracy of the desktop scanner. Additionally, depending on the type of intraoral scanners, the accuracy differed according to the volumetric dimensions of the complete arch.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to assess the marginal and internal fit of interim crowns fabricated by two different manu-facturing method (subtractive manufacturing technology and additive manufacturing technology). @*Materials and Methods@#Forty study models were fabricated with plasters by making an impression of a master model of the maxillary right first molar for ceramic crown. On each study model, interim crowns (n = 40) were fabricated using three types of 3D printers (Meg-printer 2; Megagen, Zenith U; Dentis, and Zenith D; Dentis) and one type milling machine (imes-icore 450i; imes-icore GmbH). The internal of the interim crowns were filled with silicon and fitted to the study model. Internal scan data was obtained using an intraoral scanner. The fit of in-terim crowns were evaluated in the margin, absolute margin, axial, cusp, and occlusal area by using the superimposition of 3D scan data (Geomagic control X; 3D Systems). The Kruskal-wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test and Bonferroni correction method were used to compare the results among groups (α = 0.05). @*Results@#There was no significant difference in the absolute marginal discrepancy of the temporary crown manufactured by three 3D printers and one milling machine (P = 0.812). There was a significant difference between the milling machine and the 3D printer in the axial and occlusal area (P < 0.001). The temporary crown with the milling machine showed smaller axial gap and higher occlusal gap than 3D printer. @*Conclusion@#Since the marginal fit of the temporary crown produced by three types of 3D printers were all with in clinically acceptable range (< 120 µm), it can be sufficiently used for the fab-rication of the temporary crown.
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Purpose@#Using two types of electronic apex locators, this study aimed to investigate the differences in accuracy according to the evaluator and equipment. @*Materials and Methods@#Artificial teeth of the lower first premolars and two mandibular acrylic models (A and B) were used in this study. In the artificial teeth, the pulp chamber was opened and the access cavity was prepared.Using calibrated digital Vernier calipers, the distance from the top of the cavity and the root apex was measured to assess the actual distance between two artificial teeth. The evaluation was conducted by 20 dentists, and each evaluator repeated measurements for each electronic apex locator five times. The difference between the actual distance from the top of the cavity to the root apex and the distance measured using electronic measuring equipment was compared. For statistical analysis, the Friedman test the Mann–Whitney U-test were conducted and the differences between groups were analyzed (α=0.05).Result: As for the accuracy of measurement according to the two types of electronic apex locators, the value of the measurement error was 0.4753 mm in Dentaport ZX and 0.3321 mm in E-Cube Plus. Moreover, electronic apex locators Dentaport ZX and E-Cube Plus showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). As for the difference in the accuracy of the two types of electronic apex locators according to the evaluator, the resulting values differed depending on the evaluator and showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). @*Conclusion@#Electronic apex locator E-Cube Plus showed higher accuracy than did Dentaport ZX. Nevertheless, both types of electronic apex locators showed 100% accuracy in finding the region within root apex ±0.5 mm zone. Fur-thermore, according to the evaluator, the two electronic apex locators showed different resulting values.
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PURPOSE: The laser processability of dental prosthesis is investigated using two ceramic composites, including 3M, Lava Ultimate and Ivoclar vivadent, IPS e.max. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CO₂ laser, picosecond laser and femtosecond laser are used to assess the processing power of dental prosthetic materials Lava Ultimate and IPS e.max and the line processing shape was measured using a confocal microscope. RESULTS: The brittleness, carbonization and micro crack of the ceramic composite were influenced by heat accumulation of the material and could be controlled by the laser power and pulse time. CONCLUSION: In the case of CO₂ lasers, micro crack and carbonation occurred immediately, and in the picosecond laser processing, the micro cracks are partially improved, but the carbonization occurs continuously. Finally, we confirmed the high efficiency of laser processing with femtosecond laser. In particular, Lava Ultimate, a ceramic resin composite material, showed the best processability when processed using a femtosecond laser.
Sujet(s)
Carbone , Céramiques , Prothèses dentaires , Température élevée , Lasers à gazRÉSUMÉ
PURPOSE@#The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of tooth preparation abilities of students according to three self-assessment methods.@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#forty-eight sophomores in Kyungpook National University College of Dentistry were divided into three experimental groups. Students performed tooth preparation of the left mandibular first molar for full gold crown. They performed self-assessment using the three methods (visual, digital, and putty index self-assessment group), and reperformed tooth preparation. An intraoral scanner was used to scan each tooth model (prepared tooth and unprepared tooth), and data were acquired in standard tessellation language (STL) file format. The STL files of prepared tooth and unprepared tooth were superimposed using the 3-dimensional analysis software (Geomagic control X). And the reduction amount was measured. In the statistical analysis, all values of reduction amount were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test and Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05).@*RESULTS@#The three self-assessment methods showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). The putty index self-assessment group showed the highest reduction in error than the digital self-assessment method.@*CONCLUSION@#Within limitations of this study, students showed significant differences in improvement of tooth preparation ability according to the three self-evaluation methods.