RÉSUMÉ
Entre acadêmicos, a violência sexual acontece geralmente nos "trotes", eventos esportivos e confraternizações promovidas por associações estudantis. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como representantes de atléticas universitárias e centros acadêmicos compreendem, identificam e lidam com a violência sexual no ambiente universitário. Foram entrevistados 38 representantes dessas agremiações, que responderam a perguntas disparadoras a respeito de práticas de violência sexual na universidade. A importunação sexual física no contexto de festas foi a violência mais relatada, e o estupro, a menos mencionada. A maioria recorria aos coordenadores de curso para reportar casos de violência sexual, e poucos conheciam caminhos oficiais de denúncias e serviços especializados. Iniciativas pontuais para o enfrentamento da violência sexual foram tomadas por algumas associações estudantis. Contudo, tais estratégias poderiam ser mais efetivas se fossem amparadas e coordenadas institucionalmente por uma política universitária de combate à violência sexual e de gênero.
Sexual violence among students occurs generally during "pranks", sport events and social gatherings promoted by student associations. The aim of this study was to investigate how representatives of university athletics associations and academic centers understand, identify and deal with sexual violence at university. We interviewed 38 representatives, who answered trigger questions about sexual violence at university. Physical sexual harassment at parties was the most commonly reported form of violence, while rape was the least mentioned form. Most victims resorted to course coordinators to report cases of sexual violence, with few being aware of the official reporting channels and specialized services. While there are some ad-hoc initiatives, activities organized by student associations could help to curb sexual violence if supported and institutionally coordinated via a university policy to combat sexual and gender-based violence.
Entre académicos, la violencia sexual sucede por lo general en la "novatadas", eventos deportivos y confraternizaciones promovidas por asociaciones estudiantiles. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar cómo representantes de asociaciones deportivas y centros académicos comprenden, identifican y enfrentan la violencia sexual en el ambiente universitario. Fueron entrevistados 38 representantes de esas agremiaciones que respondieron preguntas disparadoras sobre las prácticas de violencia sexual en la universidad. La importunación sexual física en el contexto de fiestas fue la violencia más relatada y la violación la menos mencionada. La mayoría recurriría a los coordinadores de cursos para informar casos de violencia sexual y pocos conocían caminos oficiales de denuncias y servicios especializados. A pesar de algunas iniciativas puntuales, las actividades organizadas por asociaciones estudiantiles podrían ayudar a cohibir la violencia sexual en la universidad, si fueran amparadas y coordinadas institucionalmente por una política universitaria de combate a la violencia sexual y de género.
RÉSUMÉ
ABSTRACT Microscopy and bacterial culture are the main tools in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Since the slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis impairs rapid diagnosis strategies, especially in countries where the latter are the only available resources, the ongoing development of new and inexpensive tools based on mycobacterial metabolism optimizing growth detection with preliminary identification is greatly welcome. When compared to the other species from the M. tuberculosis complex, M. tuberculosis is a strong nitrate reducer. Current assay compares the nitrate reductase activity of M. tuberculosis from pulmonary specimens cultivated in nitrate-supplemented media. Fifty-five sputum samples were decontaminated and inoculated in conventional (Middlebrook 7H9, Ogawa Kudoh-OK) and in nitrate-supplemented media (Middlebrook 7H9-N, Ogawa Kudoh-N). An aliquot from the media directly reacted with Griess reagent (7H9-N and OK-N) every five days, or transferred to a nitrate substrate solution (7H9, OK). Nitrate to nitrite reduction was considered positive, revealed by the pink color, indicating bacterial growth. As reference method, the Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) was used for sensitivity calculations and statistical analysis. 7H9-N and OK-N assays proved to perform better in detecting M. tuberculosis than conventional assays (7H9 and OK). Indeed, broth nitrate-supplemented medium (7H9-N) was comparable to MGIT to detect M. tuberculosis, except in growth detection time. Results show that 7H9-N may be used as an alternative tool particularly in low-income countries since it is a simple and cheap technique, and does not restrict diagnosis to single-source products.