Résumé
SUMMARY In the emergency care of cancer patients, in addition to cancer-related factors, two aspects influence the outcome: (1) where the patient is treated and (2) who will perform the surgery. In Brazil, a significant proportion of patients with surgical oncological emergencies will be operated on in general hospitals by surgeons without training in oncological surgery. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to discuss quality indicators and propose the creation of an urgent oncological surgery advanced life support course. METHODS: Review of articles on the topic. RESULTS: Generally, nonelective resections are associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality, as well as lower rates of cancer-specific survival. In comparison to elective procedures, the reduced number of harvested lymph nodes and the higher rate of positive margins suggest a compromised degree of radicality in the emergency scenario. CONCLUSION: Among modifiable factors is the training of the emergency surgeon. Enhancing the practice of oncological surgery in emergency settings constitutes a formidable undertaking that entails collaboration across various medical specialties and warrants endorsement and support from medical societies and educational institutions. It is time to establish a national registry encompassing oncological emergencies, develop quality indicators tailored to the national context, and foster the establishment of specialized training programs aimed at enhancing the proficiency of physicians serving in emergency services catering to cancer patients.
Résumé
O câncer de cólon é uma doença de alta prevalência e mortalidade, cujo tratamento baseia-se na ressecção cirúrgica. A possibilidade de cura aumenta com o diagnóstico precoce, daí a importância dos programas de rastreamento populacional do câncer colorretal. O presente estudo analisou, retrospectivamente, 66 pacientes submetidos a ressecções do cólon por neoplasia em um período de 58 meses no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1, submetidos a cirurgia eletiva (28 pacientes), e grupo 2, submetidos a cirurgia de urgência (38 pacientes). Os grupos foram comparados com relação às variáveis sexo, idade, apresentação clínica, aspectos da técnica cirúrgica, sítio anatômico da lesão, estádio patológico, taxas de complicações, permanência hospitalar pós-operatória e óbitos na internação. Verificou-se no presente estudo que a idade entre os grupos foi semelhante. Houve uma predominância do sexo masculino entre os pacientes operados de urgência. No grupo de cirurgia eletiva, o principal sintoma foi a hematoquezia, enquanto os operados na urgência, tinham como principal queixa dor abdominal. A grande maioria dos pacientes, no momento da cirurgia, apresentava-se sintomática há meses. Os pacientes operados na urgência apresentaram mais tumores pT4 e os operados eletivamente apresentaram mais neoplasias em estádio I. Em ambos os grupos, o caráter oncológico dos procedimentos foi preservado, bem como foi alto o índice de anastomoses primárias (81,8 por cento). As taxas de complicações pós-operatórias, o tempo de permanência hospitalar pós-operatório e a mortalidade foram semelhantes.
Colon cancer is a disease with high frequency and mortality rates, which treatment is based, fundamentally, on surgical resection. Because early diagnosis increases the curability, it is essential to have a screening programs offering early treatment. A retrospective study was performed, including 66 patients who underwent colonic resections due to cancer, for 58 months at Hospital Universitario of Universidade de São Paulo. These patients were divided in two groups, group 1, submitted to elective surgery (28 patients), and group 2, submitted to emergency surgery (38 patients). The groups were comparable for gender, age, clinical presentation, surgical procedure techniques, tumor distribution, TNM stage, morbidity, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative mortality. No difference was observed in patientsage. Males were predominant in the urgency surgery group. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding was the main symptom in the elective group, whereas abdominal pain was the main symptom in the urgency group. Mostly of the patients were having symptoms for months at the time of surgery. Urgency group patients presented more pT4 tumors, and elective group patients presented more stage I cancer. In both groups the oncologic approach was achieved, as well as primary anastomosis rates (81.8 percent). No differences in average hospital stay, hospital morbidity or postoperative mortality were recorded.